Microbiology 160 Exam 4 Umass
Amherst/Microbio 160 Exam 4 Study
Guide with complete solution
Kaposi's Sarcoma - ANS rare form of relatively benign cancer that tends to occur in older
people
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - ANS not inherited, weakness in the body's system
that fights diseases, group of health problems that make up a disease
AIDS - ANS advanced stage of HIV infection, when the immune system has sustained
substantial damage
not everyone with HIV.... - ANS develops AIDS
HIV - ANS the virus which causes the fatal disease of the immune system, AIDS
HIV 2 - ANS seems to develop more slowly and tend to be milder, less infectious earlier in their
course
The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) theory - ANS virus was transferred through polio vaccine
The 'Hunter' Theory - ANS SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed
and eaten or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter.
The Contaminated Needle Theory - ANS African healthcare professionals reused needles;
could have transferred HIV from hunters to population
The Colonialism Theory - ANS harsh labor camps, lack of food, poor sanitation, weakened
immune system could lead to HIV if SIV infected chimp was eaten
The Conspiracy Theory - ANS HIV is man-made as bioweapon, mainly to wipe out minorities
and homosexuals
What Lead to the Current HIV Epidemic? - ANS Travel, The Blood Industry, Injection Drug Use,
Unprotected Sex
, Nucleic acid - ANS Genetic instructions, either DNA or RNA, either single-stranded or
double-stranded
Coat of protein - ANS Surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect it
Lipid membrane - ANS Surrounds the protein coat, found only in some viruses, including
influenza
Human immunodeficiency virus - ANS a virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of
a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell and replicating
R5 R4 - ANS tropism
X4 - ANS virus associated with more rapid progression to AIDS
Current U.S. laws enforce mandatory testing for the following populations... - ANS Blood and
organ donors, Military applicants and active duty personnel, Federal and state prison inmates
under certain circumstances, Newborns in some states
Screening tests... - ANS highly sensitive; results may be positive in a small percentage of
uninfected individuals
Confirmatory test for HIV - ANS Western Blot....very specific
ELISA test - ANS detects anti-HIV antibodies by a color change; Western blot given as
follow-up
Genotype test - ANS Checks for mutation in HIV that cause drug resistance
Phenotype test - ANS challenges virus with all HIV drugs
Virtual phenotype test - ANS genotype test that uses phenotype information to predict which
drugs will be effective against HIV
HIV therapy should... - ANS Prolong life and improve quality of life, Suppress HIV levels (viral
load) below the limit of detection (<50 copies HIV RNA), or as low as possible for as long as
possible, optimize and extend the use of current therapy, Minimize drug toxicity, and manage
side effects and drug interactions.
Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors.... - ANS interfere with the critical step during the HIV life
cycle known as reverse transcription. During this step, RT, an HIV enzyme, converts HIV RNA to
HIV DNA
Amherst/Microbio 160 Exam 4 Study
Guide with complete solution
Kaposi's Sarcoma - ANS rare form of relatively benign cancer that tends to occur in older
people
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - ANS not inherited, weakness in the body's system
that fights diseases, group of health problems that make up a disease
AIDS - ANS advanced stage of HIV infection, when the immune system has sustained
substantial damage
not everyone with HIV.... - ANS develops AIDS
HIV - ANS the virus which causes the fatal disease of the immune system, AIDS
HIV 2 - ANS seems to develop more slowly and tend to be milder, less infectious earlier in their
course
The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) theory - ANS virus was transferred through polio vaccine
The 'Hunter' Theory - ANS SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed
and eaten or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter.
The Contaminated Needle Theory - ANS African healthcare professionals reused needles;
could have transferred HIV from hunters to population
The Colonialism Theory - ANS harsh labor camps, lack of food, poor sanitation, weakened
immune system could lead to HIV if SIV infected chimp was eaten
The Conspiracy Theory - ANS HIV is man-made as bioweapon, mainly to wipe out minorities
and homosexuals
What Lead to the Current HIV Epidemic? - ANS Travel, The Blood Industry, Injection Drug Use,
Unprotected Sex
, Nucleic acid - ANS Genetic instructions, either DNA or RNA, either single-stranded or
double-stranded
Coat of protein - ANS Surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect it
Lipid membrane - ANS Surrounds the protein coat, found only in some viruses, including
influenza
Human immunodeficiency virus - ANS a virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of
a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell and replicating
R5 R4 - ANS tropism
X4 - ANS virus associated with more rapid progression to AIDS
Current U.S. laws enforce mandatory testing for the following populations... - ANS Blood and
organ donors, Military applicants and active duty personnel, Federal and state prison inmates
under certain circumstances, Newborns in some states
Screening tests... - ANS highly sensitive; results may be positive in a small percentage of
uninfected individuals
Confirmatory test for HIV - ANS Western Blot....very specific
ELISA test - ANS detects anti-HIV antibodies by a color change; Western blot given as
follow-up
Genotype test - ANS Checks for mutation in HIV that cause drug resistance
Phenotype test - ANS challenges virus with all HIV drugs
Virtual phenotype test - ANS genotype test that uses phenotype information to predict which
drugs will be effective against HIV
HIV therapy should... - ANS Prolong life and improve quality of life, Suppress HIV levels (viral
load) below the limit of detection (<50 copies HIV RNA), or as low as possible for as long as
possible, optimize and extend the use of current therapy, Minimize drug toxicity, and manage
side effects and drug interactions.
Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors.... - ANS interfere with the critical step during the HIV life
cycle known as reverse transcription. During this step, RT, an HIV enzyme, converts HIV RNA to
HIV DNA
