AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1 2020
1. C1 Atomic Structure - ANSWER: covers the fundamental building blocks of
matter: atoms, composed of a central nucleus (protons + neutrons) and
orbiting electrons, defining elements by their unique proton number (atomic
number) and how electrons fill shells, determining chemical properties like
reactivity
2. What are atoms? - ANSWER: Atoms are the particles that make up everything
3. What is an element? - ANSWER: An element is a substance in which all the
atoms are the same
4. Where are elements shown? - ANSWER: Elements are shown in the Periodic
table
5. How many elements are there? - ANSWER: There are around 118 elements
6. What is a compound? - ANSWER: A compound is a substance that contain
two or more elements chemically combined
7. Describe the properties of compounds - ANSWER: The properties of
compounds are usually different to the elements that they are made from
8. What is a mixture? - ANSWER: A mixture is a substance with different
elements or compounds not chemically combined
9. Give an example of a mixture - ANSWER: An example of a mixture is sand
and water as they are not chemically combined and can be separated by
physical means
10. What is a molecule? - ANSWER: A molecule is a substance that has any
elements chemically joined
11. What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? - ANSWER: A
chemical formula tells the elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of
each element
12. How is a chemical formula presented? - ANSWER: Each element symbol
starts with a capital letter, if there is a second letter it is in lower case
13. Give an example of a chemical formula - ANSWER: H₂O
,AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1 2020
14. What are state symbols? - ANSWER: State symbols show the physical state of
the substance solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), or dissolved in water (aq)
15. Name three properties of Metals
- ANSWER: -Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points
16. Name three properties of Non-Metals
- ANSWER: -Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points
17. State the four different ways of separating mixtures - ANSWER: Four different
ways of separating mixtures are filtration, crystallization, distillation or
chromatography
18. Describe the process of filtration - ANSWER: Pour your mixture onto the filter
paper, the liquid simply passes through the filter paper into the flask. The
insoluble solid cannot pass through and so it stays on the paper
19. Describe the process of crystallisation - ANSWER: Use the method of filtration
to filter off any excess soluble solid. Evaporate the mixture then transfer the hot
mixture onto a dish. Crystals are formed when the mixture has cooled
20. Describe the process of simple distillation - ANSWER: First we evaporate the
mixture by heating it, the dissolved solid then vaporises. These vapors condense
in the condenser, the dissolved solid then flows into the beaker and liquid stays
in the flask
21. Describe the process of chromatography - ANSWER: Take a strip of filter
paper and draw a line on the bottom of the paper. Put a small drop of ink on the
line, take a jar full of water up to the line and put the filter paper in. As the water
moves up we see different colours on the paper these are the dyes in the ink
22. What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms? - ANSWER: Early ideas
of the structure of atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be divided
23. What is the plum pudding model? - ANSWER: The plum pudding model is
what scientists suggested is the structure of atoms is after the discovery of the
electron
, AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1 2020
24. Describe the plum pudding model - ANSWER: The plum pudding model
suggested that an atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons in
embedded in it
25. Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil experiment - ANSWER:
Rutherford took a piece of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at
the gold foil
26. What did Rutherford observe in the experiment? - ANSWER: Rutherford
observed that most of the particles when straight through the gold foil and
sometimes the alpha particles bounce back of the gold foil
27. What did Rutherford discover from these observations? - ANSWER:
Rutherford discovered that atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha
particles went straight through the gold atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is
very small as only a small number of alpha particles bounce back
28. Describe the structure of the nuclear model - ANSWER: The nuclear model
states that most of an atom is empty space, in the centre is the nucleus which
contains protons and neutrons around the edge we find electrons
29. What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of protons, neutrons and
electrons? - ANSWER: The relative mass and the relative charge of protons
are approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and +1, respectively; for neutrons, they
are 1 amu and 0; and for electrons, they are approximately 0 amu and -1.
30. Why do atoms have the same number of protons as electrons? - ANSWER:
Because atoms have no overall charge
31. What is an Ion? - ANSWER: An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get
positive or negative ions
32. What is an Isotope? - ANSWER: Atoms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
33. What is the mass number of an element? - ANSWER: The mass number is the
number on the top of an element it is the number of proton and neutrons
combined
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1 2020
1. C1 Atomic Structure - ANSWER: covers the fundamental building blocks of
matter: atoms, composed of a central nucleus (protons + neutrons) and
orbiting electrons, defining elements by their unique proton number (atomic
number) and how electrons fill shells, determining chemical properties like
reactivity
2. What are atoms? - ANSWER: Atoms are the particles that make up everything
3. What is an element? - ANSWER: An element is a substance in which all the
atoms are the same
4. Where are elements shown? - ANSWER: Elements are shown in the Periodic
table
5. How many elements are there? - ANSWER: There are around 118 elements
6. What is a compound? - ANSWER: A compound is a substance that contain
two or more elements chemically combined
7. Describe the properties of compounds - ANSWER: The properties of
compounds are usually different to the elements that they are made from
8. What is a mixture? - ANSWER: A mixture is a substance with different
elements or compounds not chemically combined
9. Give an example of a mixture - ANSWER: An example of a mixture is sand
and water as they are not chemically combined and can be separated by
physical means
10. What is a molecule? - ANSWER: A molecule is a substance that has any
elements chemically joined
11. What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? - ANSWER: A
chemical formula tells the elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of
each element
12. How is a chemical formula presented? - ANSWER: Each element symbol
starts with a capital letter, if there is a second letter it is in lower case
13. Give an example of a chemical formula - ANSWER: H₂O
,AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1 2020
14. What are state symbols? - ANSWER: State symbols show the physical state of
the substance solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), or dissolved in water (aq)
15. Name three properties of Metals
- ANSWER: -Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points
16. Name three properties of Non-Metals
- ANSWER: -Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points
17. State the four different ways of separating mixtures - ANSWER: Four different
ways of separating mixtures are filtration, crystallization, distillation or
chromatography
18. Describe the process of filtration - ANSWER: Pour your mixture onto the filter
paper, the liquid simply passes through the filter paper into the flask. The
insoluble solid cannot pass through and so it stays on the paper
19. Describe the process of crystallisation - ANSWER: Use the method of filtration
to filter off any excess soluble solid. Evaporate the mixture then transfer the hot
mixture onto a dish. Crystals are formed when the mixture has cooled
20. Describe the process of simple distillation - ANSWER: First we evaporate the
mixture by heating it, the dissolved solid then vaporises. These vapors condense
in the condenser, the dissolved solid then flows into the beaker and liquid stays
in the flask
21. Describe the process of chromatography - ANSWER: Take a strip of filter
paper and draw a line on the bottom of the paper. Put a small drop of ink on the
line, take a jar full of water up to the line and put the filter paper in. As the water
moves up we see different colours on the paper these are the dyes in the ink
22. What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms? - ANSWER: Early ideas
of the structure of atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be divided
23. What is the plum pudding model? - ANSWER: The plum pudding model is
what scientists suggested is the structure of atoms is after the discovery of the
electron
, AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1 2020
24. Describe the plum pudding model - ANSWER: The plum pudding model
suggested that an atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons in
embedded in it
25. Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil experiment - ANSWER:
Rutherford took a piece of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at
the gold foil
26. What did Rutherford observe in the experiment? - ANSWER: Rutherford
observed that most of the particles when straight through the gold foil and
sometimes the alpha particles bounce back of the gold foil
27. What did Rutherford discover from these observations? - ANSWER:
Rutherford discovered that atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha
particles went straight through the gold atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is
very small as only a small number of alpha particles bounce back
28. Describe the structure of the nuclear model - ANSWER: The nuclear model
states that most of an atom is empty space, in the centre is the nucleus which
contains protons and neutrons around the edge we find electrons
29. What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of protons, neutrons and
electrons? - ANSWER: The relative mass and the relative charge of protons
are approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and +1, respectively; for neutrons, they
are 1 amu and 0; and for electrons, they are approximately 0 amu and -1.
30. Why do atoms have the same number of protons as electrons? - ANSWER:
Because atoms have no overall charge
31. What is an Ion? - ANSWER: An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get
positive or negative ions
32. What is an Isotope? - ANSWER: Atoms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons are called isotopes
33. What is the mass number of an element? - ANSWER: The mass number is the
number on the top of an element it is the number of proton and neutrons
combined
