Biol 2401 Final Exam Review
Questions With 100% Accurate
Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
Anatomy - Answer Study of the structure of the body parts and how these parts are related
to each other
Physiology - Answer Study of the function of body parts, how they work
Principle of Complementarity - Answer Function will always be reflected in structure (what a
structure is capable of doing depends on its form)Ex: Muscles can contract because they have
contractile units
Homeostasis - Answer Ability to maintain stable, favorable internal conditions even though
there are changes in the external environment.
Stimulas - Answer produces change in variable
Receptor - Answer detects change
Input - Answer Information sent along afferent pathway to control center
Output - Answer Information sent along efferent pathway to effector
Response - Answer feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to
homeostatic level
Negative Feedback - Answer brings condition back to normal level
Positive Feedback - Answer takes condition further from normal
Superior (cranial) - Answer Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body;
above Ex: The head is superior to the abdomin
,Ventral (anterior) - Answer Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Ex: The breastbone
is anterior to the spine
Dorsal (posterior) - Answer Toward or at the back of the body; behind Ex: the heart is
posterior to the breastbone.
Medial - Answer Toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of. Ex: the heart is
medial to the arm.
Lateral - Answer Away from the mid-line of the body; on the outer side of. Ex: the arms are
lateral to the chest.
Intermediate - Answer Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Ex: the
collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal - Answer Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb
to the body trunk. Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Distal - Answer Farther from the origin of a body point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk. Ex: the knee is distal to the thigh.
Superficial (external) - Answer toward or at the body surface. Ex: the skin is superficial to the
skeletal muscles.
Deep (internal) - Answer away from the body surface; more internal.Ex: the lungs are deep
to the skin.
Sagittal Plane - Answer divides body into Left/Right
Frontal (coronal) Plane - Answer Divides body into Anterior/Posterior
Transverse Plane - Answer Divides body into Superior/Inferior
Acid - Answer Substance that releases or "donates" H+
, pH scale - Answer pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]Range: 0 (acidic) to
14 (basic)
Maintaining blood pH - Answer Involves the respiratory and urinary systems
blood buffers - Answer -binds to H+ ions if solution is too acidic
-releases H+ ions if solution is too basic
Organic Compounds - Answer Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds Ie:
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
Passive transport - Answer no energy required; substances moved with concentration
gradient (from more concentrated to less concentrated areas)
Simple diffusion - Answer no transporter
Facilitated diffusion - Answer uses membrane transporter
Osmosis - Answer diffusion of water
Active transport - Answer ATP required; substances moved against concentration gradient
(from less concentrated to more concentrated)
Mitochondria - Answer site of ATP synthesis
Rough ER - Answer site of protein synthesis
Smooth ER - Answer site of lipid synthesis
Questions With 100% Accurate
Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
Anatomy - Answer Study of the structure of the body parts and how these parts are related
to each other
Physiology - Answer Study of the function of body parts, how they work
Principle of Complementarity - Answer Function will always be reflected in structure (what a
structure is capable of doing depends on its form)Ex: Muscles can contract because they have
contractile units
Homeostasis - Answer Ability to maintain stable, favorable internal conditions even though
there are changes in the external environment.
Stimulas - Answer produces change in variable
Receptor - Answer detects change
Input - Answer Information sent along afferent pathway to control center
Output - Answer Information sent along efferent pathway to effector
Response - Answer feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to
homeostatic level
Negative Feedback - Answer brings condition back to normal level
Positive Feedback - Answer takes condition further from normal
Superior (cranial) - Answer Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body;
above Ex: The head is superior to the abdomin
,Ventral (anterior) - Answer Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Ex: The breastbone
is anterior to the spine
Dorsal (posterior) - Answer Toward or at the back of the body; behind Ex: the heart is
posterior to the breastbone.
Medial - Answer Toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of. Ex: the heart is
medial to the arm.
Lateral - Answer Away from the mid-line of the body; on the outer side of. Ex: the arms are
lateral to the chest.
Intermediate - Answer Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Ex: the
collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal - Answer Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb
to the body trunk. Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Distal - Answer Farther from the origin of a body point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk. Ex: the knee is distal to the thigh.
Superficial (external) - Answer toward or at the body surface. Ex: the skin is superficial to the
skeletal muscles.
Deep (internal) - Answer away from the body surface; more internal.Ex: the lungs are deep
to the skin.
Sagittal Plane - Answer divides body into Left/Right
Frontal (coronal) Plane - Answer Divides body into Anterior/Posterior
Transverse Plane - Answer Divides body into Superior/Inferior
Acid - Answer Substance that releases or "donates" H+
, pH scale - Answer pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]Range: 0 (acidic) to
14 (basic)
Maintaining blood pH - Answer Involves the respiratory and urinary systems
blood buffers - Answer -binds to H+ ions if solution is too acidic
-releases H+ ions if solution is too basic
Organic Compounds - Answer Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds Ie:
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
Passive transport - Answer no energy required; substances moved with concentration
gradient (from more concentrated to less concentrated areas)
Simple diffusion - Answer no transporter
Facilitated diffusion - Answer uses membrane transporter
Osmosis - Answer diffusion of water
Active transport - Answer ATP required; substances moved against concentration gradient
(from less concentrated to more concentrated)
Mitochondria - Answer site of ATP synthesis
Rough ER - Answer site of protein synthesis
Smooth ER - Answer site of lipid synthesis
