Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update
| Correct Answers
Cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy
BP--
Decreases slightly in 2nd trimester and then gradually returns in 3rd trimester May
decrease in left lateral position
Hematology adaptations in pregnancy
Hct drop 28-40%
Coagulability --
Hyper coagulable during pregnancy due to increased clotting factors and decrease
fibrinolysis
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Renal changes in pregnancy
GFR, renal plasma flow, Cr Cl increases
Some normal glycosuria and proteinuria may occur Ureters, urethra, and bladder
dilate
Decreased bladder capacity and increase urine production Increase risk of UTI due
to urinary stasis
GI changes in pregnancy
Lower esophageal sphincter tone can cause reflux Nausea and vomiting
Constipation
Metabolic adaptations in pregnancy
,Increased fat deposits Increased blood lipids Increase salt accumulation Increased
water retention Increased body weight
Respiratory adaptations in pregnancy
Increased VO2
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Impaired ventilation (rise in diaphragm)
Musculoskeletal adaptations
Increased joint laxity
Increased risk of strains and sprains Gradual increase in lordosis
Separation of rectus abdominis due to pressure from an enlarged uterus
Integumentary changes in pregnancy
Striae gravidum -- stretch marks
Mask of chloasma -- irregular brown blotches and pigmentation on the cheeks or
forehead
Endocrine adaptations in pregnancy
Increased HCG
Increased human placental lactogen Increases estrogen
Increased progesterone
Emotional adaptations in pregnancy
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Increased emotional lability Increased instability
,Estrogen during pregnancy
Promotes growth of the uterus and glandular breast tissue Increase uterine blood
flow
Increased insulin like growth factors Stimulates growth of uterine muscle mass
Enhances myometrial contractility Increased sensitivity to oxytocin
Progesterone in pregnancy
Inhibits production of prostaglandins in uterus prevents myometrial contractions
Withdrawal of progestin at term leads to uterine contractions and onset of labor
Placenta
-Metabolizes and synthesizes agents necessary for sustaining pregnancy
-Provides immunologic barrier between maternal and fetal systems
-Functions as major endocrine gland
Hormones produced by placenta --
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) HPL (human placental lactogen) Estrogen
Progesterone
HCG sHuman schorionic sgonadotropin
Major srole sis ssustain sthe scorpus sluteum sand sits sproduction sof sprogesterone sand
sestrogen
Secreted sfor s8-10 sweeks sat swhich stime sthe splacenta sfunction sis sadequate sand
sbecomes sthe smajor sproducer sof sprogestin sand sestrogen
Levels snormally sdouble severy s48-72 shours sand sdoes suntil sit speaks
, Stabilizes sat s20,000
Nausea sand svomiting s-- snatural srise sand sfall sof sHCG slevels scorrespond sto
snausea sand svomiting sof spregnancy sduring sfirst strimester salthough sno sdirect
scause
Urine spregnancy stest s-- smay sbe spositive s2 sweeks safter sconception sor s5 sweeks
safter sLMP
HPL sHuman splacental slactogen
Best sGrades | sMust sPass | sLatest sUpdate | sCorrect sAnswers | s2024/ 2025
Increases smaternal sfatty sacids sand striglycerides
Increases smaternal sinsulin sresistance sto sreserve sglucose sfor sthe sfetus
Fetus sbegins sto sproduce sinsulin sjust sbefore sbirth
Relaxin
Prepares sthe sendometrium sdecidual stissue sto sensure smaintenance sof searly
spregnancy
Inhibits suterine sactivity sduring spregnancy sand stogether swith sprogesterone,
ssoftens sligaments sresulting sin sminor sinstability sof spelvis sto swiden sand sfacilitate
sbirth
Presumptive ssigns sof spregnancy
Amenorrhea snausea, svomiting sfatigue
urinary sfrequency sskin schanges schloasma
linea snegra sstriae
| Correct Answers
Cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy
BP--
Decreases slightly in 2nd trimester and then gradually returns in 3rd trimester May
decrease in left lateral position
Hematology adaptations in pregnancy
Hct drop 28-40%
Coagulability --
Hyper coagulable during pregnancy due to increased clotting factors and decrease
fibrinolysis
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Renal changes in pregnancy
GFR, renal plasma flow, Cr Cl increases
Some normal glycosuria and proteinuria may occur Ureters, urethra, and bladder
dilate
Decreased bladder capacity and increase urine production Increase risk of UTI due
to urinary stasis
GI changes in pregnancy
Lower esophageal sphincter tone can cause reflux Nausea and vomiting
Constipation
Metabolic adaptations in pregnancy
,Increased fat deposits Increased blood lipids Increase salt accumulation Increased
water retention Increased body weight
Respiratory adaptations in pregnancy
Increased VO2
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Impaired ventilation (rise in diaphragm)
Musculoskeletal adaptations
Increased joint laxity
Increased risk of strains and sprains Gradual increase in lordosis
Separation of rectus abdominis due to pressure from an enlarged uterus
Integumentary changes in pregnancy
Striae gravidum -- stretch marks
Mask of chloasma -- irregular brown blotches and pigmentation on the cheeks or
forehead
Endocrine adaptations in pregnancy
Increased HCG
Increased human placental lactogen Increases estrogen
Increased progesterone
Emotional adaptations in pregnancy
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
Increased emotional lability Increased instability
,Estrogen during pregnancy
Promotes growth of the uterus and glandular breast tissue Increase uterine blood
flow
Increased insulin like growth factors Stimulates growth of uterine muscle mass
Enhances myometrial contractility Increased sensitivity to oxytocin
Progesterone in pregnancy
Inhibits production of prostaglandins in uterus prevents myometrial contractions
Withdrawal of progestin at term leads to uterine contractions and onset of labor
Placenta
-Metabolizes and synthesizes agents necessary for sustaining pregnancy
-Provides immunologic barrier between maternal and fetal systems
-Functions as major endocrine gland
Hormones produced by placenta --
Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) HPL (human placental lactogen) Estrogen
Progesterone
HCG sHuman schorionic sgonadotropin
Major srole sis ssustain sthe scorpus sluteum sand sits sproduction sof sprogesterone sand
sestrogen
Secreted sfor s8-10 sweeks sat swhich stime sthe splacenta sfunction sis sadequate sand
sbecomes sthe smajor sproducer sof sprogestin sand sestrogen
Levels snormally sdouble severy s48-72 shours sand sdoes suntil sit speaks
, Stabilizes sat s20,000
Nausea sand svomiting s-- snatural srise sand sfall sof sHCG slevels scorrespond sto
snausea sand svomiting sof spregnancy sduring sfirst strimester salthough sno sdirect
scause
Urine spregnancy stest s-- smay sbe spositive s2 sweeks safter sconception sor s5 sweeks
safter sLMP
HPL sHuman splacental slactogen
Best sGrades | sMust sPass | sLatest sUpdate | sCorrect sAnswers | s2024/ 2025
Increases smaternal sfatty sacids sand striglycerides
Increases smaternal sinsulin sresistance sto sreserve sglucose sfor sthe sfetus
Fetus sbegins sto sproduce sinsulin sjust sbefore sbirth
Relaxin
Prepares sthe sendometrium sdecidual stissue sto sensure smaintenance sof searly
spregnancy
Inhibits suterine sactivity sduring spregnancy sand stogether swith sprogesterone,
ssoftens sligaments sresulting sin sminor sinstability sof spelvis sto swiden sand sfacilitate
sbirth
Presumptive ssigns sof spregnancy
Amenorrhea snausea, svomiting sfatigue
urinary sfrequency sskin schanges schloasma
linea snegra sstriae
