HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
EXAMINATION TEST QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ Aerobic Metabolism. Answer: Occurs when there is a rich supply
of oxygen. Carbs are oxidized to C02 which produces energy rich
molecules. This is the method most used and preferred by human
bodies.
◉ Anerobic Metabolism. Answer: Occurs when there is a shortage of
oxygen. Used as a backup method only meant to be used short term
◉ By-products of Aerobic Metabolism. Answer: Water and Carbon
Dioxide. The water is used by the body or excreted in urine while the
C02 is excreted by exhalation
◉ By-products of Anerobic Metabolism. Answer: This is more
difficult for the body to handle. Muscles produce lactic acid and can
overwhelm the body's buffering and excretion mechanisms, causing
muscle cramps, rapid breathing and vomiting
◉ Why must cells have a permeable membrane. Answer: to absorm
nutrients and to excrete byproducts of it's metobolic process.
,◉ Synthesis. Answer: Cells must have te ability to form complex
substances by using only simple substances to create and release
energy
◉ Static Equilibrium. Answer: Occurs when things are at a standstill
◉ Dynamic Equilibrium. Answer: Occurs when two opposing
reactions occur at the same rate
◉ Diffusion. Answer: Molecules will enter and exit a cell membrane
moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration
◉ Krebs Cycle. Answer: Series of reactions that occur within the
mitochondria of cell. AKA citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
◉ Carbohydrate Catabolism Process. Answer: Consists of three
stages and Krebs is the second stage
◉ Bone Marrow. Answer: The central tissue of the bone, and is the
source of blood generation
◉ Types of Blood Cells. Answer: RBC's WBC's and Platelets
, ◉ RBC's. Answer: Responsible for transporting hemoglobin to the
lungs where it binds with oxygen
◉ WBC's. Answer: Fight infectious microorganisms that enter the
body. A person with an infection will have an elevated WBC count
◉ Platelets. Answer: Responsible for slowing blood flow through
clotting
◉ Blood cells are generated in the. Answer: Sternum, iliac crests, and
femurs
◉ In blood what % is hemocrit?. Answer: 45%
◉ In blood what % is plasma and water. Answer: 55%
◉ Besides water, Plasma is made of what other 3 proteins. Answer:
Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen
◉ Hematocrit. Answer: Made of mostly RBC's
◉ Tissues. Answer: Groups of cells with a similar purpose that
cluster together
EXAMINATION TEST QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ Aerobic Metabolism. Answer: Occurs when there is a rich supply
of oxygen. Carbs are oxidized to C02 which produces energy rich
molecules. This is the method most used and preferred by human
bodies.
◉ Anerobic Metabolism. Answer: Occurs when there is a shortage of
oxygen. Used as a backup method only meant to be used short term
◉ By-products of Aerobic Metabolism. Answer: Water and Carbon
Dioxide. The water is used by the body or excreted in urine while the
C02 is excreted by exhalation
◉ By-products of Anerobic Metabolism. Answer: This is more
difficult for the body to handle. Muscles produce lactic acid and can
overwhelm the body's buffering and excretion mechanisms, causing
muscle cramps, rapid breathing and vomiting
◉ Why must cells have a permeable membrane. Answer: to absorm
nutrients and to excrete byproducts of it's metobolic process.
,◉ Synthesis. Answer: Cells must have te ability to form complex
substances by using only simple substances to create and release
energy
◉ Static Equilibrium. Answer: Occurs when things are at a standstill
◉ Dynamic Equilibrium. Answer: Occurs when two opposing
reactions occur at the same rate
◉ Diffusion. Answer: Molecules will enter and exit a cell membrane
moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration
◉ Krebs Cycle. Answer: Series of reactions that occur within the
mitochondria of cell. AKA citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
◉ Carbohydrate Catabolism Process. Answer: Consists of three
stages and Krebs is the second stage
◉ Bone Marrow. Answer: The central tissue of the bone, and is the
source of blood generation
◉ Types of Blood Cells. Answer: RBC's WBC's and Platelets
, ◉ RBC's. Answer: Responsible for transporting hemoglobin to the
lungs where it binds with oxygen
◉ WBC's. Answer: Fight infectious microorganisms that enter the
body. A person with an infection will have an elevated WBC count
◉ Platelets. Answer: Responsible for slowing blood flow through
clotting
◉ Blood cells are generated in the. Answer: Sternum, iliac crests, and
femurs
◉ In blood what % is hemocrit?. Answer: 45%
◉ In blood what % is plasma and water. Answer: 55%
◉ Besides water, Plasma is made of what other 3 proteins. Answer:
Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen
◉ Hematocrit. Answer: Made of mostly RBC's
◉ Tissues. Answer: Groups of cells with a similar purpose that
cluster together
