BCHM 4360 - Genes to Proteins Test #2
questions with correct answers
What |is |the |information |stored |in |DNA |used |for? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-to |make |a |
functional |protein |or |RNA |molecule
Transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |copying |of |one |strand |of |DNA |(coding |strand) |into |
an |RNA |molecule |(transcript)
transcript |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-RNA
translation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-reading |of |the |mRNA |sequence |by |the |ribosome |to |
produce |a |protein |from |the |RNA |molecule
RNA |polymerase |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--large |multi-subunit |enzyme
-transcribes |DNA
-copies |the |coding |strand |of |DNA |by |using |the |complementary |strand |(the |template |or |non-
coding |strand) |as |a |template
-separates |the |DNA |strands |and |allows |nucleoside |triphosphate |to |base-pair |with |the |template
|strand
coding |vs |template |strand |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-coding |= |identical |to |mRNA
template |= |noncoding/complementary |to |mRNA
transcription |can |be |divided |into... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-initiation, |elongation, |termination
initiation |of |transcription |(overview) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--starts |when |RNA |polymerase |
binds |to |the |DNA |sequence |just |preceding |the |gene |(the |promoter) |= |promoter |recognition
,| -TSS |= |+1
-RNA |polymerase |separates |the |DNA |strands |to |make |a |transcription |bubble, |and |the |first |few |
ribonucleoside |triphosphates |are |added |while |the |RNA |polymerase |is |at |the |promoter
-when |the |RNA |is |a |sufficient |size, |the |RNA |polymerase |moves |past |the |promoter |and |changes
|conformation |to |be |more |stably |associated |with |the |DNA |(allows |higher |processivity) |= |
promoter |clearance
When |does |transcription |start? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-when |RNA |polymerase |binds |to |the |
DNA |sequence |just |preceding |the |gene |(the |promoter) |= |promoter |recognition
transcription |start |site |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-+1
the |first |base |to |be |transcribed
direction |of |transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-5' |to |3' |(template |read |3' |to |5')
Upstream |vs. |Downstream |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-upstream |= |bases |5' |of |site |on |RNA
downstream |= |bases |3' |of |site |on |RNA
promoter |clearance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-when |the |RNA |is |a |sufficient |size, |the |RNA |
polymerase |moves |past |the |promoter |and |changes |conformation |to |be |more |stably |associated
|with |the |DNA |(allows |higher |processivity)
RNA |polymerase |undergoes |a |conformational |change |that |associates |it |very |stably |with |DNA, |
and |loosens |its |grip |on |initiation |factors
-phosphorylated |as |it |converts |to |the |elongating |complex |(Cdk)
,elongation |of |transcription |(overview) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--after |promoter |clearance, |the |
RNA |polymerase |moves |along |the |DNA, |adding |ribonucleotides |and |elongating |the |RNA |
transcript
-the |RNA |polymerase |unwinds |the |DNA |ahead |of |it, |and |the |DNA |re-pairs |behind |the |enzyme, |
maintaining |the |transcription |bubble |along |the |DNA
-in |the |bubble, |a |short |region |of |the |transcript |is |paired |with |the |DNA |while |the |rest |of |the |
RNA |is |extruded |from |the |polymerase
-elongation |continues |until |the |polymerase |meets |a |DNA |sequence |called |a |terminator |that |
signals |RNA |synthesis |to |cease |(RNA |polymerase |then |dissociates |from |DNA)
transcription |bubble |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--much |smaller |than |replication |bubble
-contained |within |RNA |polymerase
-maintained |along |DNA |by |RNA |polymerase |unwinding |the |DNA |ahead |of |it, |and |the |DNA |re-
pairing |behind |the |enzyme
-has |a |short |region |of |the |transcript |is |paired |with |the |DNA |while |the |rest |of |the |RNA |is |
extruded |from |the |polymerase
How |long |does |elongation |continue |(transcription)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-until |the |
polymerase |meets |a |DNA |sequence |called |a |terminator |that |signals |RNA |synthesis |to |cease |
(RNA |polymerase |then |dissociates |from |DNA)
heavy |regulation |of |transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--so |only |the |required |RNA |is |
produced |at |the |right |times
-usually |controlled |by |chromatin |packing
chromatin |packing |and |transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--chromatin |packaged |DNA |
presents |a |challenge |to |transcription
-nucleosomes |prevent |transcription |machinery |binding |to |DNA
, three |additional |types |of |enzymes |required |in |eukaryotic |transcription |(due |to |chromatin |
packing) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |nucleosome |remodeling |enzymes |that |reposition |histones
|away |from |the |DNA |to |be |transcribed |(can |also |work |to |block |transcription)
| -SWI/SNF
2. |histone |chaperones, |which |disassemble |and |reassemble |the |histone |octamer
| -Asf1 |and |Caf1 |(H3+H4) |and |FACT |(H2A |+ |H2B)
3. |enzymes |that |reversibly |modify |histone |proteins |in |order |to |modify |chromatin |structure |or |
recruit |specific |proteins |to |certain |DNA |regions |
| -HAT
Eukaryotic |RNA |polymerases |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Usually |3:
1) |RNA |pol |I |-- |makes |rRNA |
2) |RNA |pol |II |-- |makes |mRNA, |small |regulatory |RNAs
3) |RNA |pol |III |-- |makes |tRNA, |5S |RNA, |sn |RNA
plants |have |a |fourth:
4) |RNA |pol |IV |-- |makes |siRNA |(regulatory |RNA)
RNA |polymerases |in |bacteria |and |eukaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-usually |only |one
core |RNA |polymerase |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--in |all |RNA |polymerases
-catalyzes |RNA |synthesis
-cannot |act |alone |- |relies |on |extra |proteins
-same |basic |structure |conserved |between |archaea, |bacteria, |and |eukaryotes |("c-like" |
architecture |carried |throughout)
Bacteria |= |β |+ |β'
questions with correct answers
What |is |the |information |stored |in |DNA |used |for? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-to |make |a |
functional |protein |or |RNA |molecule
Transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |copying |of |one |strand |of |DNA |(coding |strand) |into |
an |RNA |molecule |(transcript)
transcript |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-RNA
translation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-reading |of |the |mRNA |sequence |by |the |ribosome |to |
produce |a |protein |from |the |RNA |molecule
RNA |polymerase |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--large |multi-subunit |enzyme
-transcribes |DNA
-copies |the |coding |strand |of |DNA |by |using |the |complementary |strand |(the |template |or |non-
coding |strand) |as |a |template
-separates |the |DNA |strands |and |allows |nucleoside |triphosphate |to |base-pair |with |the |template
|strand
coding |vs |template |strand |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-coding |= |identical |to |mRNA
template |= |noncoding/complementary |to |mRNA
transcription |can |be |divided |into... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-initiation, |elongation, |termination
initiation |of |transcription |(overview) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--starts |when |RNA |polymerase |
binds |to |the |DNA |sequence |just |preceding |the |gene |(the |promoter) |= |promoter |recognition
,| -TSS |= |+1
-RNA |polymerase |separates |the |DNA |strands |to |make |a |transcription |bubble, |and |the |first |few |
ribonucleoside |triphosphates |are |added |while |the |RNA |polymerase |is |at |the |promoter
-when |the |RNA |is |a |sufficient |size, |the |RNA |polymerase |moves |past |the |promoter |and |changes
|conformation |to |be |more |stably |associated |with |the |DNA |(allows |higher |processivity) |= |
promoter |clearance
When |does |transcription |start? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-when |RNA |polymerase |binds |to |the |
DNA |sequence |just |preceding |the |gene |(the |promoter) |= |promoter |recognition
transcription |start |site |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-+1
the |first |base |to |be |transcribed
direction |of |transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-5' |to |3' |(template |read |3' |to |5')
Upstream |vs. |Downstream |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-upstream |= |bases |5' |of |site |on |RNA
downstream |= |bases |3' |of |site |on |RNA
promoter |clearance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-when |the |RNA |is |a |sufficient |size, |the |RNA |
polymerase |moves |past |the |promoter |and |changes |conformation |to |be |more |stably |associated
|with |the |DNA |(allows |higher |processivity)
RNA |polymerase |undergoes |a |conformational |change |that |associates |it |very |stably |with |DNA, |
and |loosens |its |grip |on |initiation |factors
-phosphorylated |as |it |converts |to |the |elongating |complex |(Cdk)
,elongation |of |transcription |(overview) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--after |promoter |clearance, |the |
RNA |polymerase |moves |along |the |DNA, |adding |ribonucleotides |and |elongating |the |RNA |
transcript
-the |RNA |polymerase |unwinds |the |DNA |ahead |of |it, |and |the |DNA |re-pairs |behind |the |enzyme, |
maintaining |the |transcription |bubble |along |the |DNA
-in |the |bubble, |a |short |region |of |the |transcript |is |paired |with |the |DNA |while |the |rest |of |the |
RNA |is |extruded |from |the |polymerase
-elongation |continues |until |the |polymerase |meets |a |DNA |sequence |called |a |terminator |that |
signals |RNA |synthesis |to |cease |(RNA |polymerase |then |dissociates |from |DNA)
transcription |bubble |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--much |smaller |than |replication |bubble
-contained |within |RNA |polymerase
-maintained |along |DNA |by |RNA |polymerase |unwinding |the |DNA |ahead |of |it, |and |the |DNA |re-
pairing |behind |the |enzyme
-has |a |short |region |of |the |transcript |is |paired |with |the |DNA |while |the |rest |of |the |RNA |is |
extruded |from |the |polymerase
How |long |does |elongation |continue |(transcription)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-until |the |
polymerase |meets |a |DNA |sequence |called |a |terminator |that |signals |RNA |synthesis |to |cease |
(RNA |polymerase |then |dissociates |from |DNA)
heavy |regulation |of |transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--so |only |the |required |RNA |is |
produced |at |the |right |times
-usually |controlled |by |chromatin |packing
chromatin |packing |and |transcription |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--chromatin |packaged |DNA |
presents |a |challenge |to |transcription
-nucleosomes |prevent |transcription |machinery |binding |to |DNA
, three |additional |types |of |enzymes |required |in |eukaryotic |transcription |(due |to |chromatin |
packing) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |nucleosome |remodeling |enzymes |that |reposition |histones
|away |from |the |DNA |to |be |transcribed |(can |also |work |to |block |transcription)
| -SWI/SNF
2. |histone |chaperones, |which |disassemble |and |reassemble |the |histone |octamer
| -Asf1 |and |Caf1 |(H3+H4) |and |FACT |(H2A |+ |H2B)
3. |enzymes |that |reversibly |modify |histone |proteins |in |order |to |modify |chromatin |structure |or |
recruit |specific |proteins |to |certain |DNA |regions |
| -HAT
Eukaryotic |RNA |polymerases |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Usually |3:
1) |RNA |pol |I |-- |makes |rRNA |
2) |RNA |pol |II |-- |makes |mRNA, |small |regulatory |RNAs
3) |RNA |pol |III |-- |makes |tRNA, |5S |RNA, |sn |RNA
plants |have |a |fourth:
4) |RNA |pol |IV |-- |makes |siRNA |(regulatory |RNA)
RNA |polymerases |in |bacteria |and |eukaryotes |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-usually |only |one
core |RNA |polymerase |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--in |all |RNA |polymerases
-catalyzes |RNA |synthesis
-cannot |act |alone |- |relies |on |extra |proteins
-same |basic |structure |conserved |between |archaea, |bacteria, |and |eukaryotes |("c-like" |
architecture |carried |throughout)
Bacteria |= |β |+ |β'
