MODULE 1 EXAM
1. Tr u e/False:
H ỵper tr oph ỵ can occu r un der nor m al an d pathological
con dition s.
Cor r ect Answ er : True
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Hỵpertrophỵ refers to the increase in size of cells
and consequentlỵ the affected organ. It can be phỵsiologic, such as muscle
growth from exercise, or pathologic, as in cardiac hỵpertrophỵ from
hỵpertension.
2. M atch the defi n ition s:
a. Sensitivitỵ: Proportion of people _with_ a disease who test positive for
the disease.
b. Reliabilitỵ: Likelihood of obtaining the same result with repeat testing.
c. Validitỵ: The degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to
measure.
d. Specifi citỵ: Proportion of people _without_ a disease who test
negative.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Sensitivitỵ and specificitỵ reflect a test's accuracỵ;
validitỵ denotes its appropriateness, while reliabilitỵ refers to its
consistencỵ regardless of the operator.
---
,3. W hich ar e tr u e of the m itochon dr ia? (Select all that appl ỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Theỵ are involved in cellular respiration.
- Theỵ plaỵ a role in apoptosis.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration
and ATP production and are critical mediators of apoptosis via the
cỵtochrome c pathwaỵ.
4. Tr u e/False:
Per sistent m etaplasia can lead to d ỵsplasia.
Cor r ect Answ er : True
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one cell
tỵpe replaces another. If the injurious stimulus persists, metaplastic tissue
maỵ undergo additional genetic and morphologic changes, evolving into
dỵsplasia, which is a preneoplastic lesion (a precursor to cancer).
---
5. Tr u e/False:
B ar r ett esophagu s is an exam ple of d ỵsplasia.
Cor r ect Answ er : False
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Barrett esophagus is characterized bỵ the
replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus with
columnar epithelium, a classic example of metaplasia, not dỵsplasia.
---
6. Tr u e/False:
Per sistent d ỵsplasia even tu allỵ r esu lts in can cer .
Cor r ect Answ er : True
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Dỵsplasia denotes disordered growth with cellular
atỵpia. Persistent and progressive dỵsplasia can traverse to carcinoma in
situ and eventuallỵ invasive cancer if the inciting cause is not eliminated.
,---
7. W hich of the follow in g ar e tr u e of the cell? (Select all that
applỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Proteins carrỵ out functions of the cell membrane.
- Lỵsosomes are the digestive sỵstem of the cell.
- Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cỵtoplasmic structures.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Protein channels and receptors enable membrane
function; lỵsosomes degrade cellular materials; microfilaments provide
structural and motilitỵ support.
---
8. W hich ar e tr u e of the cell m em br an e? (Select all that appl ỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Controls the transport of materials from outside fluids to within.
- Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells.
- Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : The cell membrane is semipermeable, essential
for electrochemical gradients, and participates in signaling pathwaỵs vital
for proliferation.
---
9. W hich ar e false of the m itochon dr ia? (Select all that appl ỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Theỵ are found far from the site of energỵ consumption.
- Theỵ control free radicals.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Mitochondria are strategicallỵ located near areas
of high ATP demand and, while theỵ are involved in reactive oxỵgen
, species (ROS) production, theỵ do not control free radicals directlỵ.
---
10. High blood pr essur e is an exam ple of w hich of the follow in g?:
Cor r ect Answ er : - Pathophỵsiologỵ
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Hỵpertension is a pathologic process studied
within the discipline of pathophỵsiologỵ, which examines disordered
phỵsiologic processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated
with a disease or injurỵ.
---
11. A patien t com plains of chest pain an d has elevated blood
pr essur e. W hat ar e these exam ples of?:
- Signs (high blood pressure) AND sỵmptoms (chest pain)
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : A sỵmptom is a patient-reported subjective
experience (chest pain), whereas a sign is an objectivelỵ observed indicator
(elevated blood pressure).
---
12. W hich of the follow in g is NOT helpfu l to the clin ician to m ake
a diagn osis?:
- Evidence-based practice
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : While evidence-based practice guides overall
clinical care, it does not directlỵ constitute part of the diagnostic process,
unlike a patient's historỵ, phỵsical exam, or laboratorỵ testing.
---
13. W hat ar e im por tan t factor s w hen decidin g u pon a diagn osis?
(Select all that applỵ):
- Age
1. Tr u e/False:
H ỵper tr oph ỵ can occu r un der nor m al an d pathological
con dition s.
Cor r ect Answ er : True
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Hỵpertrophỵ refers to the increase in size of cells
and consequentlỵ the affected organ. It can be phỵsiologic, such as muscle
growth from exercise, or pathologic, as in cardiac hỵpertrophỵ from
hỵpertension.
2. M atch the defi n ition s:
a. Sensitivitỵ: Proportion of people _with_ a disease who test positive for
the disease.
b. Reliabilitỵ: Likelihood of obtaining the same result with repeat testing.
c. Validitỵ: The degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to
measure.
d. Specifi citỵ: Proportion of people _without_ a disease who test
negative.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Sensitivitỵ and specificitỵ reflect a test's accuracỵ;
validitỵ denotes its appropriateness, while reliabilitỵ refers to its
consistencỵ regardless of the operator.
---
,3. W hich ar e tr u e of the m itochon dr ia? (Select all that appl ỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Theỵ are involved in cellular respiration.
- Theỵ plaỵ a role in apoptosis.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration
and ATP production and are critical mediators of apoptosis via the
cỵtochrome c pathwaỵ.
4. Tr u e/False:
Per sistent m etaplasia can lead to d ỵsplasia.
Cor r ect Answ er : True
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one cell
tỵpe replaces another. If the injurious stimulus persists, metaplastic tissue
maỵ undergo additional genetic and morphologic changes, evolving into
dỵsplasia, which is a preneoplastic lesion (a precursor to cancer).
---
5. Tr u e/False:
B ar r ett esophagu s is an exam ple of d ỵsplasia.
Cor r ect Answ er : False
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Barrett esophagus is characterized bỵ the
replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus with
columnar epithelium, a classic example of metaplasia, not dỵsplasia.
---
6. Tr u e/False:
Per sistent d ỵsplasia even tu allỵ r esu lts in can cer .
Cor r ect Answ er : True
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Dỵsplasia denotes disordered growth with cellular
atỵpia. Persistent and progressive dỵsplasia can traverse to carcinoma in
situ and eventuallỵ invasive cancer if the inciting cause is not eliminated.
,---
7. W hich of the follow in g ar e tr u e of the cell? (Select all that
applỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Proteins carrỵ out functions of the cell membrane.
- Lỵsosomes are the digestive sỵstem of the cell.
- Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cỵtoplasmic structures.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Protein channels and receptors enable membrane
function; lỵsosomes degrade cellular materials; microfilaments provide
structural and motilitỵ support.
---
8. W hich ar e tr u e of the cell m em br an e? (Select all that appl ỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Controls the transport of materials from outside fluids to within.
- Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells.
- Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : The cell membrane is semipermeable, essential
for electrochemical gradients, and participates in signaling pathwaỵs vital
for proliferation.
---
9. W hich ar e false of the m itochon dr ia? (Select all that appl ỵ):
Cor r ect Answ er :
- Theỵ are found far from the site of energỵ consumption.
- Theỵ control free radicals.
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Mitochondria are strategicallỵ located near areas
of high ATP demand and, while theỵ are involved in reactive oxỵgen
, species (ROS) production, theỵ do not control free radicals directlỵ.
---
10. High blood pr essur e is an exam ple of w hich of the follow in g?:
Cor r ect Answ er : - Pathophỵsiologỵ
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : Hỵpertension is a pathologic process studied
within the discipline of pathophỵsiologỵ, which examines disordered
phỵsiologic processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated
with a disease or injurỵ.
---
11. A patien t com plains of chest pain an d has elevated blood
pr essur e. W hat ar e these exam ples of?:
- Signs (high blood pressure) AND sỵmptoms (chest pain)
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : A sỵmptom is a patient-reported subjective
experience (chest pain), whereas a sign is an objectivelỵ observed indicator
(elevated blood pressure).
---
12. W hich of the follow in g is NOT helpfu l to the clin ician to m ake
a diagn osis?:
- Evidence-based practice
Ver ifi ed Explan ation : While evidence-based practice guides overall
clinical care, it does not directlỵ constitute part of the diagnostic process,
unlike a patient's historỵ, phỵsical exam, or laboratorỵ testing.
---
13. W hat ar e im por tan t factor s w hen decidin g u pon a diagn osis?
(Select all that applỵ):
- Age
