PSYCH 318 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
our understanding of the world is based on - Answer -what we already know
how we perceive the world is shaped by our own - Answer -pre-existing expectations
what are framework theories? - Answer -common sense background knowledge and
assumptions in 3 broad categories
^what are the categories? - Answer -biology
physics
psychology
schemas - Answer -sets of general knowledge about what you have learned to expect
in a particular kind of situation or things
scripts - Answer -a subtype of a schema that is a set of general knowledge for a highly
routine event
scripts are picked up over time by - Answer -observation
script deviations - errors: - Answer -typical component is followed by later component
that ought to match the first, but doesn't
script deviations - obstacles: - Answer -instance in which a typical component in a
script cannot occur because of some problem
script deviations - distractions: - Answer -unexpected events that prevent the full
execution of the script, sometimes pulling out the main character entirely
information integration theory - Answer -suggests that each piece of information
contributes a particular value regarding the guiltiness vs. innocence of the person on
trial
jurors don't:
rather they, decide in favor of: - Answer -create some weighted average of the balance
of evidence;
whichever side creates a more compelling story
evidence suggests that jurors tend to carry out decisions in a 3-step process: - Answer
-1. construct a well-formed, structured story that makes sense of the evidence. this uses
an episode schema.
2. learn the verdict categories and what they mean
, 3. come to a decision by seeking a match between the temporally ordered story that's
been created and the new background knowledge of the different verdict categories
the story model of juror decision making - Answer -the story the juror constructs to
process the events under dispute determines the juror's verdict
________________________ story structures do the best job at summarizing juror's
memory structures - Answer -narrative
jurors who chose different verdicts have reliably different _______________
______________ - Answer -mental representations
a study manipulated the order in which prosecution and defense evidence was
presented: Story Order vs. Witness Order
what were the results? - Answer -- Convictions highest when prosecution evidence was
in story order and defense evidence was in witness order (78%)
- Convictions lowest when defense evidence was in story order and the prosecution
evidence was in witness order (31%)
causal thinking - Answer -the process of identifying causality: the relationship between
a cause and its effect
it has been argued that causal thinking underlies the vast majority of judgements made
under - Answer -certainty
causal explanation requires people to go _______________ the data they have on hand
- Answer -beyond
covariation occurs when - Answer -2 things tend to happen together
covariation does not imply - Answer -causation
we can/cannot track whether things covary, either formally or informally - Answer -CAN
we might detect covariation when - Answer -it is not there
Heider famously proposed that people use covariation to - Answer -try to figure out why
other people said or did what they did
the covariation principle: (Kelley 1973, p. 108) - Answer -an effect is attributed to the
one of it's possible causes with which, over time, it covaries
we tend to look for __________________ properties of persons or situations to explain
observed effects - Answer -stable
our understanding of the world is based on - Answer -what we already know
how we perceive the world is shaped by our own - Answer -pre-existing expectations
what are framework theories? - Answer -common sense background knowledge and
assumptions in 3 broad categories
^what are the categories? - Answer -biology
physics
psychology
schemas - Answer -sets of general knowledge about what you have learned to expect
in a particular kind of situation or things
scripts - Answer -a subtype of a schema that is a set of general knowledge for a highly
routine event
scripts are picked up over time by - Answer -observation
script deviations - errors: - Answer -typical component is followed by later component
that ought to match the first, but doesn't
script deviations - obstacles: - Answer -instance in which a typical component in a
script cannot occur because of some problem
script deviations - distractions: - Answer -unexpected events that prevent the full
execution of the script, sometimes pulling out the main character entirely
information integration theory - Answer -suggests that each piece of information
contributes a particular value regarding the guiltiness vs. innocence of the person on
trial
jurors don't:
rather they, decide in favor of: - Answer -create some weighted average of the balance
of evidence;
whichever side creates a more compelling story
evidence suggests that jurors tend to carry out decisions in a 3-step process: - Answer
-1. construct a well-formed, structured story that makes sense of the evidence. this uses
an episode schema.
2. learn the verdict categories and what they mean
, 3. come to a decision by seeking a match between the temporally ordered story that's
been created and the new background knowledge of the different verdict categories
the story model of juror decision making - Answer -the story the juror constructs to
process the events under dispute determines the juror's verdict
________________________ story structures do the best job at summarizing juror's
memory structures - Answer -narrative
jurors who chose different verdicts have reliably different _______________
______________ - Answer -mental representations
a study manipulated the order in which prosecution and defense evidence was
presented: Story Order vs. Witness Order
what were the results? - Answer -- Convictions highest when prosecution evidence was
in story order and defense evidence was in witness order (78%)
- Convictions lowest when defense evidence was in story order and the prosecution
evidence was in witness order (31%)
causal thinking - Answer -the process of identifying causality: the relationship between
a cause and its effect
it has been argued that causal thinking underlies the vast majority of judgements made
under - Answer -certainty
causal explanation requires people to go _______________ the data they have on hand
- Answer -beyond
covariation occurs when - Answer -2 things tend to happen together
covariation does not imply - Answer -causation
we can/cannot track whether things covary, either formally or informally - Answer -CAN
we might detect covariation when - Answer -it is not there
Heider famously proposed that people use covariation to - Answer -try to figure out why
other people said or did what they did
the covariation principle: (Kelley 1973, p. 108) - Answer -an effect is attributed to the
one of it's possible causes with which, over time, it covaries
we tend to look for __________________ properties of persons or situations to explain
observed effects - Answer -stable
