Bio 182 Genetics Module 2 Final Exam

T/F Dominance results from biochemical processes involving enzymes associated with the gene. - Correct Answer-True T/F If a heterozygote (Aa) makes some enzymes, but not enough to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygote (AA) can, all genotypes would have the same phenotype (AA=Aa=aa)? - Correct Answer-False Unit of heritable information on chromosome and consisting of a sequence of DNA. - Correct Answer-Gene A heritable feature, such as flower color. - Correct Answer-Character A variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers. - Correct Answer-Trait T/F Each trait carries two copies of a gene, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father. - Correct Answer-True Probability - Correct Answer-Describes our certainty about an outcome or event Independent Events - Correct Answer-The outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the second event Joint Probability - Correct Answer-The probability of two events occurring together P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B) - Correct Answer-Joint Probability Calculation P(A OR B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A AND B) - Correct Answer-Probability that either event occurs -Each parent in the monohybrid cross contributed one of two alleles to each offspring -Every combination of alleles was equally likely - Correct Answer-Mendels postulated the following rules of inheritance Different phenotypes for a single trait - Correct Answer-Monohybrid cross T/F A probability of 0.98 means that an event occurs rarely. - Correct Answer-False T/F When a parent is heterozygous, the probability of passing the dominant allele to its offspring is 25%. - Correct Answer-False T/F When both parents are heterozygous (Aa), the probability of an offspring being homozygous recessive (aa) equals 0.25. - Correct Answer-True Bio 182 Bio 182 T/F A Punnett square enables one to determine the frequency of observed genotypes without using a mathematical formula to calculate the joint probability. - Correct Answer True T/F When both parents are heterozygous (Aa), the probability of an offspring being heterozygous (Aa) equals 0.75. - Correct Answer-False Why do experiments? - Correct Answer-1. Replicate Observations 2. Control Conditions 3. Randomize Subjects T/F If two heterozygotes mate to produce two offspring, the chance that both offspring are homozygous equals 50%. - Correct Answer-False The probability of the observed deviation or a greater deviation, when the model is correct - Correct Answer-P Value A statistical test used to determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions by chance, under a specific hypothesis. - Correct Answer-Chi-square test T/F Given a P value less than 0.01, our model of genetics probably fails to explain the observed phenotypes. - Correct Answer-True T/F A statistical test estimates the probability of obtaining a certain deviation from predictions based on sampling error. - Correct Answer-True T/F We cannot use Mendel's model alone to explain variation in continuous traits, such as height. - Correct Answer-True T/F Mendel's model applies only to discrete traits, which have only two or three phenotypes (e.g., round or wrinkled peas; or red, pink, and white flowers). - Correct Answer-True T/F Fisher's revised model of inheritance started the field of quantitative genetics, which focuses on continuous traits. - Correct Answer-True The resulting theory of evolution grew during a period from is known as - Correct Answer-Modern Synthesis T/F A genotype with many alleles that contribute to height will be taller than a genotype with many alleles that detract from the height. - Correct Answer-True T/F A trait with a heritability of 25% can evolve more rapidly than a trait with a heritability of 50%. - Correct Answer-False Bio 182 Bio 182 A description of an organism's appearance or behavior. - Correct Answer-Phenotype an error in the sequence of nucleotides when copying DNA - Correct Answer-Mutation The set of alleles that determine how an organism looks or behaves - Correct Answer Genotype A highly condensed molecule of DNA that codes for many proteins - Correct Answer Chromosome A haploid cell that develops into a sperm or an egg - Correct Answer-Gamete The diploid cell that results from fertilization between sperm and egg - Correct Answer Zygote A characteristic of an organism that varies genetically - Correct Answer-Trait A form of a gene that affects the way an organism looks or behaves - Correct Answer Allele A linear sequence of DNA that codes for a certain protein - Correct Answer-Gene A place on a chromosome where a certain gene occurs - Correct Answer-Locus A process in which a diploid cell produces four haploid cells - Correct Answer-Meiosis A process in which a diploid cell produces two diploid cells - Correct Answer-Mitosis T/F If tall people reproduce more than short people, height will evolve. - Correct Answer-True T/F If one were to artificially select for human height, the height of women would evolve faster than the height of men would. W=72% & M+78% - Correct Answer-False T/F The height of humans in this population is likely controlled by one or two genes. - Correct Answer-False T/F Mating between a tall man and a short woman would likely produce tall sons and short daughters. - Correct Answer-False T/F Because height varies continuously, the genes that control this trait likely follow different rules than the ones described by Mendel. - Correct Answer-False T/F When the female has recessive alleles and the male has a dominant allele, only female offspring will have the dominant phenotype. - Correct Answer-True Bio 182 Bio 182 T/F A mutation on a sex chromosome is more likely to create a novel phenotype in a male than in a female. - Correct Answer-True, because males need the x and so it would show up either way. T/F The mother is likely heterozygous, with one dominant allele for normal vision and one recessive allele for colorblindness. - Correct Answer-True T/F The father could be heterozygous, with one dominant allele for normal vision and one recessive allele for colorblindness. - Correct Answer-False T/F None of the children produced by the couple will be red-green colorblind. - Correct Answer-False T/F Approximately 50% of daughters produced by the couple will be red-green colorblind. - Correct Answer-False T/F Because sons would only have one X chromosome, they have a greater chance of having red-green colorblindness. - Correct Answer-True When a cell prepares to divide, it must copy its DNA such that each daughter cells ends up with all of the necessary genetic material. - Correct Answer-DNA replication This enzyme proofreads the newly added nucleotide before adding the next one. - Correct Answer-DNA polymerase The nitrogenous base adenine acquires a methyl group after replication. Thus, the template strand of DNA will have methyl groups attached, whereas the new strand will not. Enzymes such as DNA polymerase recognize the newly synthesized strand of DNA by the absence of methyl groups. Such as E. coli. - Correct Answer-Prokaryotes The mechanism is not very well understood but may rely on markers in the new strand, as well as a physical attraction between proofreading enzymes and a new strand that continues beyond replication. - Correct Answer-Eukaryotes What are the 3 selective pressures involved when copying DNA? - Correct Answer-- Deletirius Mutation (greatest) - Beneficial Mutation - Cost of Accuracy T/F Mutation rates evolve according to the benefit of variation and the cost of tinkering with proteins. - Correct Answer-True T/F In a rapidly changing environment, a population would likely benefit from more frequent mutation. - Correct Answer-True Bio 182 Bio 182 When one copy of an allele determines the phenotype of an individual - Correct Answer Dominant when two copies of an allele are needed to express a certain phenotype - Correct Answer-Recessive When an individual carries two different types of alleles for a gene - Correct Answer Heterozygous When an individual carries two identical alleles for a gene - Correct Answer Homozygous When two chromosomes contain the same genes - Correct Answer-Homologous When the variation in a phenotype depends on genes - Correct Answer-Heritable When a cell contains two copies of each chromosome - Correct Answer-Diploid When a cell contains one copy of each chromosome - Correct Answer-Haploid T/F An amino acid with a nonpolar R-group is more likely to end up on the inside of a protein after folding. - Correct Answer-True T/F The genetic code evolved to minimize the effect of each mutation on the phenotype. - Correct Answer-True T/F DNA polymerase was responsible for the mutation in hemoglobin. - Correct Answer True T/F Sickle cell anemia results from a silent mutation. - Correct Answer-False T/F The mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia results in a frameshift during translation. - Correct Answer-False T/F The R-group of glutamic acid and the R-group of valine likely share the same degree of polarity. - Correct Answer-False T/F If the mutation in hemoglobin was in the third position of the codon, the resulting phenotype would likely be normal. - Correct Answer-True T/F Statistics in science are used to compare the predictions and results of experiments and account for variation. - Correct Answer-True T/F In a chi-square test, the null hypothesis is rejected if the calculated value is below the critical value. - Correct Answer-False Bio 182 What are the predicted phenotypic ratios of the offspring of a test cross? (select all that apply) - Correct Answer-100% dominant, 50% dominant/ 50% recessi