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Nier 2 - samenvatting

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Volledige samenvatting van de module “Nier 2”, gegeven in 3e Bachelor Geneeskunde aan de UA. Samenvatting gebaseerd op slides én lesnotities.

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NIER 2​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024-2025

NIER 2 2024-2025................................................................................................................................. 1
Leerdoelen...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Klinische renale syndromen....................................................................................................................... 7
Klinisch redeneren................................................................................................................................7
Prevalentie........................................................................................................................................... 7
Casus................................................................................................................................................... 8
Klinische nefrologie – hematurie / proteïnurie............................................................................................9
Hematurie...................................................................................................................................................9
Opbouw nier......................................................................................................................................... 9
Definitie hematurie............................................................................................................................. 10
Microscopische hematurie.................................................................................................................. 11
Oorzaken van geïsoleerde hematurie................................................................................................ 12
Proteïnurie................................................................................................................................................14
Definitie proteïnurie............................................................................................................................ 14
Oorzaken............................................................................................................................................14
Diagnose............................................................................................................................................ 18
Aanpak............................................................................................................................................... 19
Klinische nefrologie – chronische nierziekten..........................................................................................21
Chronische nierziekte...............................................................................................................................21
GFR bepalen............................................................................................................................................ 22
Gemeten GFR (mGFR)...................................................................................................................... 22
Geschatte GFR (eGFR)..................................................................................................................... 23
Conclusie bepalen van glomerulaire filtratie rate............................................................................... 24
Percutane echogeleide nierbiopsie.......................................................................................................... 24
Nefritisch syndroom..................................................................................................................................25
Primaire IgA nefropathie = Berger’s disease......................................................................................25
Alport syndrome & thin basement membrane disease.......................................................................27
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis......................................................................................28
Glomerulonefritis = immunologische ziekte van de glomerulus.............................................................30
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 30
Ontsteking van glomeruli....................................................................................................................30
Ziektesyndromen......................................................................................................................................31
Nefritisch syndroom............................................................................................................................31
Nefrotisch syndroom.......................................................................................................................... 33
Klassieke presentaties....................................................................................................................... 35
Behandeling....................................................................................................................................... 36
Casussen................................................................................................................................................. 36
Minimal change nefropathie............................................................................................................... 36
Lupus nefritis...................................................................................................................................... 37
IgA nefropathie................................................................................................................................... 38
Gemiste glomerulonefropathieën....................................................................................................... 39
Take-home message................................................................................................................................ 41
Overzicht.................................................................................................................................................. 42


1

,Acute nierinsufficiëntie............................................................................................................................... 43
Acute kidney injury (AKI).......................................................................................................................... 43
Differentiaal diagnose.........................................................................................................................44
Prerenale AKI........................................................................................................................................... 45
Diagnose............................................................................................................................................ 46
Types..................................................................................................................................................46
Complicaties: acute tubulaire necrose (ATN)..................................................................................... 47
Intratubulaire obstructie............................................................................................................................49
Rhabdomyolyse..................................................................................................................................49
Bile cast nefropathie...........................................................................................................................50
Multipel myeloom............................................................................................................................... 50
Cholesterolembolen........................................................................................................................... 51
Renale AKI............................................................................................................................................... 51
Acute interstitiële nefritis (AIN)........................................................................................................... 51
Glomerulonefritis (GN)....................................................................................................................... 53
Postrenale AKI......................................................................................................................................... 53
AKI............................................................................................................................................................54
Klinische evaluatie..............................................................................................................................54
Prognose............................................................................................................................................ 55
Indicaties voor hospitalisatie.............................................................................................................. 55
Chronische nierinsufficiëntie / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).............................................................. 56
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 56
Diagnostisch paradigma.....................................................................................................................57
Epidemiologie.....................................................................................................................................57
Classificatie.............................................................................................................................................. 58
Progressie................................................................................................................................................ 59
1. Hypertensie.................................................................................................................................... 60
2. Proteïnurie......................................................................................................................................61
Andere risicofactoren aanpakken.......................................................................................................62
Screening................................................................................................................................................. 63
Klinische manifestaties.............................................................................................................................64
1. Hypertensie.................................................................................................................................... 64
2. Overvulling..................................................................................................................................... 65
3. Metabole acidose........................................................................................................................... 65
4. Hyperkaliëmie.................................................................................................................................65
5. Hyperfosfatemie............................................................................................................................. 65
6. Ureumretentie.................................................................................................................................66
7. Anemie........................................................................................................................................... 66
8. Mineral bone disease..................................................................................................................... 67
9. Verminderde immuniteit..................................................................................................................67
Cardiovasculaire co-morbiditeit................................................................................................................ 67
Behandeling dyslipidemie...................................................................................................................68
Nierfunctievervangende therapie............................................................................................................. 68
Hemodialyse (HD).............................................................................................................................. 70
Peritoneaal dialyse (PD).....................................................................................................................72
Keuze van behandeling......................................................................................................................73
Zorgtraject voor chronische nierinsufficiëntie........................................................................................... 74
Niertransplantatie.........................................................................................................................................75
Niertransplantatie..................................................................................................................................... 75
2

, Reacties & complicaties........................................................................................................................... 75
Directe renale allograft dysfunctie...................................................................................................... 75
Chronische renale allograft dysfunctie............................................................................................... 78
Mortaliteit na orgaantransplantatie..................................................................................................... 80
Post-transplant maligniteit.................................................................................................................. 81
Infectieuze complicaties..................................................................................................................... 82
Vraag & aanbod....................................................................................................................................... 83
Invloed van leeftijd..............................................................................................................................83
Pre-emptieve niertransplantatie......................................................................................................... 84
Orgaantekorten.................................................................................................................................. 84
Samenvatting........................................................................................................................................... 86
Arteriële hypertensie................................................................................................................................... 87
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 87
Essentiële arteriële hypertensie......................................................................................................... 87
Secundaire arteriële hypertensie........................................................................................................88
Presentatie......................................................................................................................................... 88
Complicaties.......................................................................................................................................90
Impact van arteriële hypertensie.............................................................................................................. 90
Risico op eindstadium nierfalen......................................................................................................... 90
Risico op overlijden tgv CVA.............................................................................................................. 91
Risico op overlijden tgv ischemisch hartfalen (IHD)........................................................................... 91
Bloeddruk meten...................................................................................................................................... 91
Classificatie & definitie hypertensie....................................................................................................92
Evaluatie van patiënt met hypertensie..................................................................................................... 92
Secundaire arteriële hypertensie (5-10%)..........................................................................................93
Behandeling van patiënt met hypertensie................................................................................................ 95
Lifestyle interventie.............................................................................................................................95
Medicatie............................................................................................................................................ 96
Bloeddruk target range.......................................................................................................................96
Behandelingsplan – ongecompliceerde hypertensie..........................................................................97
Behandelingsplan – gecompliceerde hypertensie..............................................................................98
Follow-up van patiënt met hypertensie.................................................................................................... 99
Geneesmiddelen & de nier........................................................................................................................ 100
De nierfunctie......................................................................................................................................... 100
Regulatie van GFR.................................................................................................................................100
Geneesmiddelen.................................................................................................................................... 101
Co-trimoxazole (SFX-TMP).............................................................................................................. 101
Credence..........................................................................................................................................101
Lithium..............................................................................................................................................103
Chronische nierinsufficiëntie (CNI).........................................................................................................104
Geneesmiddeleninteracties..............................................................................................................104
1e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 106
2e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 106
3e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 107
4e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 107
5e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 108
6e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 109
Conclusie................................................................................................................................................109

3

, Diabetes nefropathie..................................................................................................................................110
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................. 110
Epidemiologie......................................................................................................................................... 110
Pathofysiologie....................................................................................................................................... 110
Presentatie........................................................................................................................................111
Histologie................................................................................................................................................112
Diagnose................................................................................................................................................ 112
Differentiaaldiagnose........................................................................................................................ 113
Work-up............................................................................................................................................ 113
Belang van vroege diagnose............................................................................................................ 114
Preventie & behandeling........................................................................................................................ 114
Strikte glycemiecontrole................................................................................................................... 114
RAAS-inhibitie.................................................................................................................................. 115
SGLT2-inhibitoren.............................................................................................................................115
Finerenone....................................................................................................................................... 116
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonisten (GLP1-analogen)........................................................ 117
Take-home message.............................................................................................................................. 117
Zwangerschap & de nier............................................................................................................................118
Normale (fysiologische) adaptaties tijdens de zwangerschap................................................................118
Anatomische veranderingen............................................................................................................. 118
Hemodynamische veranderingen..................................................................................................... 119
Tubulaire functie van nieren............................................................................................................. 120
Nefrologische problemen tijdens de zwangerschap...............................................................................121
Interpretatie van “normale” labowaarden......................................................................................... 121
(Pre-)eclampsie................................................................................................................................ 121
Zwangerschap bij CKD of niertransplantatie.......................................................................................... 122
Elektrolytenstoornissen - water, natrium, kalium................................................................................... 125
Homeostase door nieren........................................................................................................................ 125
Na+.........................................................................................................................................................127
The kidney speaks........................................................................................................................... 127
Osmotische stress en celvolume......................................................................................................128
Hyponatriëmie.................................................................................................................................. 128
Hypernatriëmie................................................................................................................................. 133
K+...........................................................................................................................................................134
Hypokaliëmie (< 3.5 mmol/L)............................................................................................................135
Hyperkaliëmie (> 5 mmol/L)............................................................................................................. 137
Diuretica................................................................................................................................................. 138
Elektrolytenstoornissen - calcium & fosfaat........................................................................................... 139
De verschillende hoofdrolspelers........................................................................................................... 139
Ca2+.................................................................................................................................................139
Fosfaat............................................................................................................................................. 140
Magnesium.......................................................................................................................................142
Vitamine D........................................................................................................................................ 143
Parathormoon (PTH)........................................................................................................................ 143
Calcitonine........................................................................................................................................143
FGF-23............................................................................................................................................. 143
Regelingsmechanismen......................................................................................................................... 144
Regulatie van Ca-P homeostase......................................................................................................144
Pathologische toestanden...................................................................................................................... 145
4

Table of contents

  1. 01 NIER 2​​ ​​​​ ​ ​​​ 2024-2025 1
  2. 02 Leerdoelen 6
  3. 03 Inleiding 7
    1. Klinische renale syndromen 7
  4. 04 Klinische nefrologie – hematurie / proteïnurie 9
    1. Hematurie 9
    2. Proteïnurie 14
  5. 05 Klinische nefrologie – chronische nierziekten 21
    1. Chronische nierziekte 21
    2. GFR bepalen 22
    3. Percutane echogeleide nierbiopsie 24
    4. Nefritisch syndroom 25
  6. 06 Glomerulonefritis = immunologische ziekte van de glomerulus 30
    1. Inleiding 30
    2. Ziektesyndromen 31
    3. Casussen 36
    4. Take-home message 41
    5. Overzicht 42
  7. 07 Acute nierinsufficiëntie 43
    1. Acute kidney injury (AKI) 43
    2. Prerenale AKI 45
    3. Intratubulaire obstructie 49
    4. Renale AKI 51
    5. Postrenale AKI 53
    6. AKI 54
  8. 08 Chronische nierinsufficiëntie / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 56
    1. Inleiding 56
    2. Classificatie 58
    3. Progressie 59
    4. Screening 63
    5. Klinische manifestaties 64
    6. Cardiovasculaire co-morbiditeit 67
    7. Nierfunctievervangende therapie 69
    8. Zorgtraject voor chronische nierinsufficiëntie 75
  9. 09 Niertransplantatie 76
    1. Niertransplantatie 76
    2. Reacties & complicaties 76
    3. Vraag & aanbod 84
    4. Samenvatting 87
  10. 10 Arteriële hypertensie 88
    1. Inleiding 88
    2. Impact van arteriële hypertensie 91
    3. Bloeddruk meten 92
    4. Evaluatie van patiënt met hypertensie 93
    5. Behandeling van patiënt met hypertensie 96
    6. Follow-up van patiënt met hypertensie 100
  11. 11 Geneesmiddelen & de nier 101
    1. De nierfunctie 101
    2. Regulatie van GFR 101
    3. Geneesmiddelen 102
    4. Chronische nierinsufficiëntie (CNI) 105
    5. Conclusie 110
  12. 12 Diabetes nefropathie 111
    1. Inleiding 111
    2. Epidemiologie 111
    3. Pathofysiologie 111
    4. Histologie 113
    5. Diagnose 113
    6. Preventie & behandeling 115
    7. Take-home message 118
  13. 13 Zwangerschap & de nier 119
    1. Normale (fysiologische) adaptaties tijdens de zwangerschap 119
    2. Nefrologische problemen tijdens de zwangerschap 122
    3. Zwangerschap bij CKD of niertransplantatie 123
  14. 14 Elektrolytenstoornissen - water, natrium, kalium 126
    1. Homeostase door nieren 126
    2. Na+ 128
    3. K+ 136
    4. Diuretica 139
  15. 15 Elektrolytenstoornissen - calcium & fosfaat 140
    1. De verschillende hoofdrolspelers 140
    2. Regelingsmechanismen 145
    3. Pathologische toestanden 146
  16. 16 Autosomaal dominante polycystische nierziekten (ADPKD) 152
    1. Inleiding 152

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