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Nier 2 - samenvatting

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Volledige samenvatting van de module “Nier 2”, gegeven in 3e Bachelor Geneeskunde aan de UA. Samenvatting gebaseerd op slides én lesnotities.

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August 28, 2025
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NIER 2​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024-2025

NIER 2 2024-2025................................................................................................................................. 1
Leerdoelen...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Klinische renale syndromen....................................................................................................................... 7
Klinisch redeneren................................................................................................................................7
Prevalentie........................................................................................................................................... 7
Casus................................................................................................................................................... 8
Klinische nefrologie – hematurie / proteïnurie............................................................................................9
Hematurie...................................................................................................................................................9
Opbouw nier......................................................................................................................................... 9
Definitie hematurie............................................................................................................................. 10
Microscopische hematurie.................................................................................................................. 11
Oorzaken van geïsoleerde hematurie................................................................................................ 12
Proteïnurie................................................................................................................................................14
Definitie proteïnurie............................................................................................................................ 14
Oorzaken............................................................................................................................................14
Diagnose............................................................................................................................................ 18
Aanpak............................................................................................................................................... 19
Klinische nefrologie – chronische nierziekten..........................................................................................21
Chronische nierziekte...............................................................................................................................21
GFR bepalen............................................................................................................................................ 22
Gemeten GFR (mGFR)...................................................................................................................... 22
Geschatte GFR (eGFR)..................................................................................................................... 23
Conclusie bepalen van glomerulaire filtratie rate............................................................................... 24
Percutane echogeleide nierbiopsie.......................................................................................................... 24
Nefritisch syndroom..................................................................................................................................25
Primaire IgA nefropathie = Berger’s disease......................................................................................25
Alport syndrome & thin basement membrane disease.......................................................................27
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis......................................................................................28
Glomerulonefritis = immunologische ziekte van de glomerulus.............................................................30
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 30
Ontsteking van glomeruli....................................................................................................................30
Ziektesyndromen......................................................................................................................................31
Nefritisch syndroom............................................................................................................................31
Nefrotisch syndroom.......................................................................................................................... 33
Klassieke presentaties....................................................................................................................... 35
Behandeling....................................................................................................................................... 36
Casussen................................................................................................................................................. 36
Minimal change nefropathie............................................................................................................... 36
Lupus nefritis...................................................................................................................................... 37
IgA nefropathie................................................................................................................................... 38
Gemiste glomerulonefropathieën....................................................................................................... 39
Take-home message................................................................................................................................ 41
Overzicht.................................................................................................................................................. 42


1

,Acute nierinsufficiëntie............................................................................................................................... 43
Acute kidney injury (AKI).......................................................................................................................... 43
Differentiaal diagnose.........................................................................................................................44
Prerenale AKI........................................................................................................................................... 45
Diagnose............................................................................................................................................ 46
Types..................................................................................................................................................46
Complicaties: acute tubulaire necrose (ATN)..................................................................................... 47
Intratubulaire obstructie............................................................................................................................49
Rhabdomyolyse..................................................................................................................................49
Bile cast nefropathie...........................................................................................................................50
Multipel myeloom............................................................................................................................... 50
Cholesterolembolen........................................................................................................................... 51
Renale AKI............................................................................................................................................... 51
Acute interstitiële nefritis (AIN)........................................................................................................... 51
Glomerulonefritis (GN)....................................................................................................................... 53
Postrenale AKI......................................................................................................................................... 53
AKI............................................................................................................................................................54
Klinische evaluatie..............................................................................................................................54
Prognose............................................................................................................................................ 55
Indicaties voor hospitalisatie.............................................................................................................. 55
Chronische nierinsufficiëntie / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).............................................................. 56
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 56
Diagnostisch paradigma.....................................................................................................................57
Epidemiologie.....................................................................................................................................57
Classificatie.............................................................................................................................................. 58
Progressie................................................................................................................................................ 59
1. Hypertensie.................................................................................................................................... 60
2. Proteïnurie......................................................................................................................................61
Andere risicofactoren aanpakken.......................................................................................................62
Screening................................................................................................................................................. 63
Klinische manifestaties.............................................................................................................................64
1. Hypertensie.................................................................................................................................... 64
2. Overvulling..................................................................................................................................... 65
3. Metabole acidose........................................................................................................................... 65
4. Hyperkaliëmie.................................................................................................................................65
5. Hyperfosfatemie............................................................................................................................. 65
6. Ureumretentie.................................................................................................................................66
7. Anemie........................................................................................................................................... 66
8. Mineral bone disease..................................................................................................................... 67
9. Verminderde immuniteit..................................................................................................................67
Cardiovasculaire co-morbiditeit................................................................................................................ 67
Behandeling dyslipidemie...................................................................................................................68
Nierfunctievervangende therapie............................................................................................................. 68
Hemodialyse (HD).............................................................................................................................. 70
Peritoneaal dialyse (PD).....................................................................................................................72
Keuze van behandeling......................................................................................................................73
Zorgtraject voor chronische nierinsufficiëntie........................................................................................... 74
Niertransplantatie.........................................................................................................................................75
Niertransplantatie..................................................................................................................................... 75
2

, Reacties & complicaties........................................................................................................................... 75
Directe renale allograft dysfunctie...................................................................................................... 75
Chronische renale allograft dysfunctie............................................................................................... 78
Mortaliteit na orgaantransplantatie..................................................................................................... 80
Post-transplant maligniteit.................................................................................................................. 81
Infectieuze complicaties..................................................................................................................... 82
Vraag & aanbod....................................................................................................................................... 83
Invloed van leeftijd..............................................................................................................................83
Pre-emptieve niertransplantatie......................................................................................................... 84
Orgaantekorten.................................................................................................................................. 84
Samenvatting........................................................................................................................................... 86
Arteriële hypertensie................................................................................................................................... 87
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 87
Essentiële arteriële hypertensie......................................................................................................... 87
Secundaire arteriële hypertensie........................................................................................................88
Presentatie......................................................................................................................................... 88
Complicaties.......................................................................................................................................90
Impact van arteriële hypertensie.............................................................................................................. 90
Risico op eindstadium nierfalen......................................................................................................... 90
Risico op overlijden tgv CVA.............................................................................................................. 91
Risico op overlijden tgv ischemisch hartfalen (IHD)........................................................................... 91
Bloeddruk meten...................................................................................................................................... 91
Classificatie & definitie hypertensie....................................................................................................92
Evaluatie van patiënt met hypertensie..................................................................................................... 92
Secundaire arteriële hypertensie (5-10%)..........................................................................................93
Behandeling van patiënt met hypertensie................................................................................................ 95
Lifestyle interventie.............................................................................................................................95
Medicatie............................................................................................................................................ 96
Bloeddruk target range.......................................................................................................................96
Behandelingsplan – ongecompliceerde hypertensie..........................................................................97
Behandelingsplan – gecompliceerde hypertensie..............................................................................98
Follow-up van patiënt met hypertensie.................................................................................................... 99
Geneesmiddelen & de nier........................................................................................................................ 100
De nierfunctie......................................................................................................................................... 100
Regulatie van GFR.................................................................................................................................100
Geneesmiddelen.................................................................................................................................... 101
Co-trimoxazole (SFX-TMP).............................................................................................................. 101
Credence..........................................................................................................................................101
Lithium..............................................................................................................................................103
Chronische nierinsufficiëntie (CNI).........................................................................................................104
Geneesmiddeleninteracties..............................................................................................................104
1e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 106
2e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 106
3e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 107
4e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 107
5e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 108
6e voorschrijfprincipe....................................................................................................................... 109
Conclusie................................................................................................................................................109

3

, Diabetes nefropathie..................................................................................................................................110
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................. 110
Epidemiologie......................................................................................................................................... 110
Pathofysiologie....................................................................................................................................... 110
Presentatie........................................................................................................................................111
Histologie................................................................................................................................................112
Diagnose................................................................................................................................................ 112
Differentiaaldiagnose........................................................................................................................ 113
Work-up............................................................................................................................................ 113
Belang van vroege diagnose............................................................................................................ 114
Preventie & behandeling........................................................................................................................ 114
Strikte glycemiecontrole................................................................................................................... 114
RAAS-inhibitie.................................................................................................................................. 115
SGLT2-inhibitoren.............................................................................................................................115
Finerenone....................................................................................................................................... 116
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonisten (GLP1-analogen)........................................................ 117
Take-home message.............................................................................................................................. 117
Zwangerschap & de nier............................................................................................................................118
Normale (fysiologische) adaptaties tijdens de zwangerschap................................................................118
Anatomische veranderingen............................................................................................................. 118
Hemodynamische veranderingen..................................................................................................... 119
Tubulaire functie van nieren............................................................................................................. 120
Nefrologische problemen tijdens de zwangerschap...............................................................................121
Interpretatie van “normale” labowaarden......................................................................................... 121
(Pre-)eclampsie................................................................................................................................ 121
Zwangerschap bij CKD of niertransplantatie.......................................................................................... 122
Elektrolytenstoornissen - water, natrium, kalium................................................................................... 125
Homeostase door nieren........................................................................................................................ 125
Na+.........................................................................................................................................................127
The kidney speaks........................................................................................................................... 127
Osmotische stress en celvolume......................................................................................................128
Hyponatriëmie.................................................................................................................................. 128
Hypernatriëmie................................................................................................................................. 133
K+...........................................................................................................................................................134
Hypokaliëmie (< 3.5 mmol/L)............................................................................................................135
Hyperkaliëmie (> 5 mmol/L)............................................................................................................. 137
Diuretica................................................................................................................................................. 138
Elektrolytenstoornissen - calcium & fosfaat........................................................................................... 139
De verschillende hoofdrolspelers........................................................................................................... 139
Ca2+.................................................................................................................................................139
Fosfaat............................................................................................................................................. 140
Magnesium.......................................................................................................................................142
Vitamine D........................................................................................................................................ 143
Parathormoon (PTH)........................................................................................................................ 143
Calcitonine........................................................................................................................................143
FGF-23............................................................................................................................................. 143
Regelingsmechanismen......................................................................................................................... 144
Regulatie van Ca-P homeostase......................................................................................................144
Pathologische toestanden...................................................................................................................... 145
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