KUBY IMMUNOLOGY EXAMS SCRIPT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Immune Deficiency - ✔✔Caused by a failure to properly deploy the immune
response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that can allow
pathogens to get the upper hand.
✔✔Immune Imbalance - ✔✔Result from changes in the environment that disrupt
immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune conditions.
✔✔Hypersensitivity Reactions - ✔✔Overly zealous attacks on common benign but
foreign antigens.
✔✔Anaphylaxis - ✔✔An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the immune
response to something it has encountered before.
✔✔Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - ✔✔An antibody that binds to its specific antigen induces
the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the accumulation of
cells and fluid at the site.
✔✔Autoimmune Disease - ✔✔Erroneous targeting of self-proteins or tissues by immune
cells.
✔✔Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) - ✔✔Immune deficiency that affects
both B and T cells and basically wipes out adaptive immunity and bone marrow
transplant is the most effective treatment.
✔✔Primary Lymphoid Organs - ✔✔Bone marrow and thymus are the sites where
immune cells develop from immature precursors.
✔✔Secondary Lymphoid Organs - ✔✔Spleen, lymph nodes, and specialized sites in the
gut and other mucosal tissues are sites where the mature antigen-specific lymphocytes
first encounter antigen and begin their differentiation into effector and memory cells.
✔✔Hematopoiesis - ✔✔The process by which HSCs differentiate into mature blood
cells that occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
✔✔Stem Cells - ✔✔Have the ability to regenerate or "self-renew" and the ability to
differentiate into diverse cell types.
✔✔Progenitor Cells - ✔✔Limited self-renewal capacity and become progressively more
committed to a particular blood cell lineage.
, ✔✔Multipotent Progenitors (MPPs) - ✔✔These cells have a much more limited ability to
self-renew, but proliferate rapidly and can give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid cell
lineages.
✔✔Hemopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) - ✔✔Rare cell type that is self-renewing and
multipotent. Also has the capacity to differentiate and replace blood cells rapidly.
✔✔Myeloid Progenitor Cell - ✔✔Gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and myeloid
cells (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and some dendritic cell populations).
✔✔Myeloid Cells - ✔✔Members of the innnate immune system and are the first cells to
respond to infection or other insults.
✔✔Lymphoid Progenitor Cells - ✔✔Gives rise to B and T lymphocytes, innate lymphoid
cells (ILCs), and specific dendritic cell populations.
✔✔Notch1 - ✔✔Induces lymphoid progenitors to develop into T rather than B
lymphocytes.
✔✔GATA-1 - ✔✔Directs myeloid progenitors toward red blood cell (erythroid)
development rather than granulocyte/monocyte lineages.
✔✔Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells) - ✔✔First
responders during an immune response, have a multilobed nuclei, and mature in the
bone marrow.
✔✔Neutrophils - ✔✔The most abundant type of white blood cell and the main cellular
component of pus. Once in the infected tissue, they phagocytose bacteria and secrete a
range of proteins that have antimicrobial effects and tissue-remodeling potential.
✔✔Eosinophils - ✔✔Contain granules that stain pink in a standard H&E staining
protocols and contribute to asthma and allergy symptoms. Important in defense against
multicellular parasitic organisms. Migrate from the blood into the tissue spaces and
most abundant in the small intestines.
✔✔Basophils - ✔✔Nonphagocytic granulocytes that contain large granules that stain
blue in a standard H&E staining. Release histamine that increases blood vessel
permeability and smooth muscle activity and allows immune cells access to a site of
infection.
✔✔Mast Cells - ✔✔Released from the bone marrow into the blood as undifferentiated
cells and play a role in combating parasitic worms and contribute to allergies.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Immune Deficiency - ✔✔Caused by a failure to properly deploy the immune
response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that can allow
pathogens to get the upper hand.
✔✔Immune Imbalance - ✔✔Result from changes in the environment that disrupt
immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune conditions.
✔✔Hypersensitivity Reactions - ✔✔Overly zealous attacks on common benign but
foreign antigens.
✔✔Anaphylaxis - ✔✔An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the immune
response to something it has encountered before.
✔✔Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - ✔✔An antibody that binds to its specific antigen induces
the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the accumulation of
cells and fluid at the site.
✔✔Autoimmune Disease - ✔✔Erroneous targeting of self-proteins or tissues by immune
cells.
✔✔Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) - ✔✔Immune deficiency that affects
both B and T cells and basically wipes out adaptive immunity and bone marrow
transplant is the most effective treatment.
✔✔Primary Lymphoid Organs - ✔✔Bone marrow and thymus are the sites where
immune cells develop from immature precursors.
✔✔Secondary Lymphoid Organs - ✔✔Spleen, lymph nodes, and specialized sites in the
gut and other mucosal tissues are sites where the mature antigen-specific lymphocytes
first encounter antigen and begin their differentiation into effector and memory cells.
✔✔Hematopoiesis - ✔✔The process by which HSCs differentiate into mature blood
cells that occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
✔✔Stem Cells - ✔✔Have the ability to regenerate or "self-renew" and the ability to
differentiate into diverse cell types.
✔✔Progenitor Cells - ✔✔Limited self-renewal capacity and become progressively more
committed to a particular blood cell lineage.
, ✔✔Multipotent Progenitors (MPPs) - ✔✔These cells have a much more limited ability to
self-renew, but proliferate rapidly and can give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid cell
lineages.
✔✔Hemopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) - ✔✔Rare cell type that is self-renewing and
multipotent. Also has the capacity to differentiate and replace blood cells rapidly.
✔✔Myeloid Progenitor Cell - ✔✔Gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and myeloid
cells (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and some dendritic cell populations).
✔✔Myeloid Cells - ✔✔Members of the innnate immune system and are the first cells to
respond to infection or other insults.
✔✔Lymphoid Progenitor Cells - ✔✔Gives rise to B and T lymphocytes, innate lymphoid
cells (ILCs), and specific dendritic cell populations.
✔✔Notch1 - ✔✔Induces lymphoid progenitors to develop into T rather than B
lymphocytes.
✔✔GATA-1 - ✔✔Directs myeloid progenitors toward red blood cell (erythroid)
development rather than granulocyte/monocyte lineages.
✔✔Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells) - ✔✔First
responders during an immune response, have a multilobed nuclei, and mature in the
bone marrow.
✔✔Neutrophils - ✔✔The most abundant type of white blood cell and the main cellular
component of pus. Once in the infected tissue, they phagocytose bacteria and secrete a
range of proteins that have antimicrobial effects and tissue-remodeling potential.
✔✔Eosinophils - ✔✔Contain granules that stain pink in a standard H&E staining
protocols and contribute to asthma and allergy symptoms. Important in defense against
multicellular parasitic organisms. Migrate from the blood into the tissue spaces and
most abundant in the small intestines.
✔✔Basophils - ✔✔Nonphagocytic granulocytes that contain large granules that stain
blue in a standard H&E staining. Release histamine that increases blood vessel
permeability and smooth muscle activity and allows immune cells access to a site of
infection.
✔✔Mast Cells - ✔✔Released from the bone marrow into the blood as undifferentiated
cells and play a role in combating parasitic worms and contribute to allergies.
