Scientific American Biology for a Changing World with Physiology – Chapter Summaries and Exam-Focused Notes

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Name: Class: Date: fi




chapter 1 fi




Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. A scientific study evaluated the effect of tanning beds on DNA damage. The scientists took skin cells and exposed t
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hem to UV radiation (the type used in indoor tanning beds) for different lengths of time: some for 1 minute, some for 5
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minutes, some for 15 minutes, and some for 30 minutes. They then looked for signs of DNA damage and compared the
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results to cells that had never been exposed to UV light.
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What is the control in this experiment?
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a. the number of skin cells fi fi fi fi




b. the type of light fi fi fi




c. the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




d. theuntreated cells fi fi




e. the amount of DNA damage in the cells fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




2. A placebo is given to the:
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a. dependent group. fi




b. control group. fi




c. independentgroup. fi




d. experimentalgroup. fi




e. variable group. fi




3. An experiment was performed using 1,000 nonsmoking males ages 18 to 22. Which experimental group woul
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d most likelyproduce the most similar results?
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a. 800 nonsmoking females ages 30 to 45 fi fi fi fi fi fi




b. 800 smoking males ages 30 to 45 fi fi fi fi fi fi




c. 1,000 smoking females ages 25 to 40 fi fi fi fi fi fi




d. 1,000 nonsmoking males ages 30 to 55 fi fi fi fi fi fi




e. 800 nonsmoking males ages 20 to 25 fi fi fi fi fi fi




4. Two studies were carried out to determine if children in day care developed more ear infections than children who st
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ayed at home. The first study compared ear infection rates in 50 Canadian girls ages 1 to 2, half of whom attended day c
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are and half of whom stayed home. The second study compared ear infection rates in 1,000 Swedish boys ages 3 to 4, h
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alf of whom attended day care and half of whom stayed home. The results of these two studies differed greatly.
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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be the cause of such differences?
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a. differentgenders fi




b. differentmothers fi




c. differentages fi




d. differentsamplesizes fi fi




e. differentcountries fi




5. What is the importance of peer review in the scientific process?
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a. It helps a scientist formulate a hypothesis. fi fi fi fi fi fi




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Name: Class: Date: fi




chapter 1 fi




b. It helps a scientist choose test subjects.
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c. It ensures that a study has been appropriatelydesigned and correctly interpreted.
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d. It helps the scientist collect data. fi fi fi fi fi




e. It is the first step in any scientific study.
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6. A study was conducted to determine if the growth rate of babies differs between babies who are bottle-
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fed and babies who are breast-fed. In this experiment, growth rate is referred to as the:
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a. controlledvariable. fi




b. experimentalvariable. fi




c. dependentvariable. fi




d. independentvariable. fi




e. placebovariable. fi




7. You have the following known facts: Smoking causes accumulation of materials in the lungs, thereby decreasing t
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he oxygen-absorbing capabilityof the lungs. Long-
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term smoking causes more accumulation of materials in the lungs. Decreased lung capacity increases the workload
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of the heart. Which hypothesis can you formulate from these observations?
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a. People who never smoke will never develop lung problems. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




b. Long-term smokers have poorer heart health than nonsmokers. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




c. New smokers have poorer heart health than long-term smokers. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




d. Stopping smoking eliminates lung problems within two years. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




e. Stoppingsmoking eliminates heart problems within two years. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




8. A significant result from a scientific studyindicates:
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a. a statistical error. fi fi




b. it occurred by chance. fi fi fi




c. a positive result. fi fi




d. a negative result. fi fi




e. anonrandom result. fi fi




9. The study of the incidence of disease in a population that cannot be directly manipulated is called:
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a. anexperiment. fi




b. populationbiology. fi




c. evolutionarybiology. fi




d. epidemiology.
e. systemicbiology. fi




10. In a well-designed experiment, the independent variable:
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a. does not depend on another factor or condition. fi fi fi fi fi fi fi




b. changes from subject to subject randomly. fi fi fi fi fi




c. can never be manipulated bythe researcher. fi fi fi fi fi fi




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