OCR Psychology paper 1 Pre-Course Study Guide Actual Questions And Answers 100% Correct.

Social Learning Theory - correct answer 1. Role models/modelling - people we look up to and respect who model behavior for us. 2. Identification - we decide we want to be like these people. 3. Observation - we pay attention to their behaviors and retain them in our memory. 4. Imitation - we recall these behaviors and copy them. Self-efficacy (belief in ourselves). Those who lack belief in themselves may be more likely to imitate the behaviors of others. 5. Reinforcement: ○ Vicarious - observe someone being rewarded or punished for a behavior ○ Direct - get rewarded or punished ourselves for a behavior 6. Internalization - the behavior becomes part of us and no longer needs to be reinforced for it to continue. Criminals will have learned to behave in a certain way regardless of the consequences. Core Theory #1 Criticisms - correct answer • Ignores the role of nature • Doesn't explain how criminal behavior starts in the first place • Should be easier to reduce crime if this was correct. Cooper and Mackie Aim - correct answer Aim: to investigate if playing an aggressive video game would lead to an increase in aggression in children Cooper and Mackie - Research Method - correct answer Laboratory experiment using an independent measures design. IV = game played. DV = aggression levels after playing or observing the game. Cooper and Mackie sample - correct answer Target population was a set of schools in New Jersey, USA. Parents gave consent and children filled out a questionnaire prior to the study. Cooper and Mackie- procedure - correct answer Participants randomly allocated to one of three conditions where some played and some observed others playing: ○ Missile Command (aggressive game) ○ Pac-Man (non-aggressive game) ○ Paper and pen maze games (control condition) ● Participants then were either taken to a playroom to choose a toy, or had to complete a test. Cooper and Mackie results - correct answer Participants in aggressive game condition spent more time playing with aggressive toy. Cooper and Mackie - conclusion - correct answer Conclusion: Girls were more aggressive after playing the aggressive game due to increased arousal which led to a disinhibition effect (more socially acceptable to play with aggressive toy as they had already been encouraged to play an aggressive game. Evidence that observing behavior can lead to imitation. Cooper and Mackie - Criticisms - correct answer Sample was biased • Artificial setting - low ecological validity • Uncontrolled extraneous variables e.g. prior experience of the game Eysenck's Theory - correct answer -Theory proposes that extraversion, neuroticism, and or superego traits are from biological basis Extraversion- RAS restricts incoming stimuli so cerebral cortex becomes under-aroused so they seek stimulation Neuroticism- Over-aroused limbic system leads people to be stuck in patterns of behavior to reduce anxiety. Psychoticism- high dopamine levels Eysenck criticisms - correct answer Ignores individual differences • Unlikely criminals all share a similar personality • Too deterministic as it ignores free will Heaven Aim - correct answer Aim: to investigate if psychoticism, extroversion and self-esteem predict delinquent behavior. Heaven Research method - correct answer Longitudinal study. • Heaven sample - correct answer adolescents from Catholic schools in Australia Heaven procedure - correct answer Self-report questionnaires to measure personality and self-esteem and for delinquency two years later. Heaven findings - correct answer Findings: • Positive correlation between psychoticism and delinquency. • Weaker correlation between extraversion and delinquency. • Negative correlation between self-esteem and delinquency. Heaven conclusion - correct answer Conclusion: Psychoticism can predict delinquent behavior, but not extraversion or self-esteem. Other factors such as peer pressure, discipline from parents and personality may also influence. Heaven criticism - correct answer Sample was culturally biased. • Self-report unreliable • Results may have been affected by age bias Criminal psychology applications - correct answer Punishments - negative consequences to certain behaviors that aim to reduce the chance of these behaviors happening again. E.g. prisons, fines and community sentences • Deterrents - something that reduces the likelihood of a crime being committed. E.g. use of media to make punishment public, vicarious reinforcement • Rehabilitation - promoting pro-social behaviour and teaching social skills. • Restorative justice - rehabilitating offenders by giving them the choice to be aware of the consequences of their actions, Stages of development - correct answer Pre-natal (from conception to birth) - develop neural tube, cerebral cortex, neurons and simple synapses. ○ Childhood (from birth to 12) - develop more neural connections, more dense synapses in the prefrontal cortex, understand cause and effect as connections strengthen. ○ Adolescence (from 13-19) - grey matter reaches maximum density, maturation of limbic system, pre-frontal cortex and frontal lobes. ○ Adulthood (20+) - fully matured pre-frontal cortex. Neurodegenerative diseases can be developed. Piagets theory of development - correct answer Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence (something still exists even if it is hidden from view) ○ Pre-operational (2-7) - animism (giving thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects), irreversibility (cannot think about things in reverse order), lack of conservation (unable to understand that an amount of something stays the same even if it changes shape or form), egocentrism (assume everyone views the world the same way they do). ○ Concrete Operational (7-11) - conservation (able to understand that if something changes shape or form, it still has the same volume, mass or length), decentration (able to see from another's point of view), reversibility (can think about things in reverse order), seriation (putting things in order), linguistic humour (playing with words to create jokes) ○ Formal Operational (11+) - abstract thought, hypothetical thinking and problem-solving. Piaget theory criticisms - correct answer Not all adults reach formal operational stage • Cognitive stages are not fixed for all children • Reductionist because it doesn't acknowledge the role of teachers Piaget study into conservation of numbers- aim - correct answer Aim: