Study Guide Midterm
1. Levels of organization
i. Chemical
ii. Cellular
iii. Tissues
iv. Organs
v. Organ System
vi. Organism
2. Homeostasis. Positive vs Negative feedbacks
a. Feedback loops (Order)
1. Stimulus
2. Receptor
3. Control center
4. Effector
5. Response
A positive feedback loop reinforces stimulus and increases output
Ex. Child Birth, oxytocin receptor sends signals to brain to release oxytocin to contract
uterine walls.
Ex. Breastfeeding
A negative feedback loop opposes stimulus and decreases output
Ex. Fever, Blood Clot (small component of positive)
3. Organ systems
1. Integumentary System- contains skin, hair, nails
Serves as a barrier from the external environment
Plays a role in temperature regulation. For example, when your body experiences an
increase in temperature, you start sweating in order to cool off
Retains water
Vitamin D production, sun acts as a precursor/activator of vitamin D under your skin.
Vitamin D assists with calcium absorption, which strengthens your bones.
Rickets- disease that involves defective mineralization of bones.
2. Skeletal System- contains bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage.
Provides support for the body and facilitates movement
Protects your internal organs
Stores calcium salts
Red Blood Cell production from bone marrow
3. Nervous System- contains brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Neurons and glial cells are the main components of the nervous system
Higher mental functions
Movement and Sensation
, Autonomic functions
Regulates body functions.
4. Endocrine- Hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, thymus, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, testes,
ovaries.
Regulates body functions
Regulates the function of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of
hormones
These are ductless glands, meaning the secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
The Nervous System works much faster than the endocrine system.
5. Cardiovascular System- contains the heart and the blood vessels
Arteries deliver blood away from the heart
Veins deliver blood to the heart
Capillaries serve as sights for gas exchange and nutrients
Removes waste from the tissues
Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances.
6. Lymphatic- lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels.
Drains excess fluid and brings back to circulatory system.
Provides immunity.
When lymphatic blockage occurs, fluid becomes backed up and lymphedema occurs
7. Respiratory- Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, nasal cavity.
Delivers oxygen to the blood
pH regulation
Ventilation- breathing in and out
Respiration- gas exchange.
8. Digestive- Contains mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas,
small intestine, large intestine, anus
Break down food into nutrients to absorb.
Removes waste
Regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
9. Reproductive System Pt. 1- for females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, mammary glands,
vagina.
Produce and transport eggs
Site of fetal nourishment and development
Mammary glands secrete hormones and lactation.
10. Reproductive System Pt. 2- for males; testes, prostate gland, ductus deferens, penis
Production and transport of sperm
Hormone secretion
1. Levels of organization
i. Chemical
ii. Cellular
iii. Tissues
iv. Organs
v. Organ System
vi. Organism
2. Homeostasis. Positive vs Negative feedbacks
a. Feedback loops (Order)
1. Stimulus
2. Receptor
3. Control center
4. Effector
5. Response
A positive feedback loop reinforces stimulus and increases output
Ex. Child Birth, oxytocin receptor sends signals to brain to release oxytocin to contract
uterine walls.
Ex. Breastfeeding
A negative feedback loop opposes stimulus and decreases output
Ex. Fever, Blood Clot (small component of positive)
3. Organ systems
1. Integumentary System- contains skin, hair, nails
Serves as a barrier from the external environment
Plays a role in temperature regulation. For example, when your body experiences an
increase in temperature, you start sweating in order to cool off
Retains water
Vitamin D production, sun acts as a precursor/activator of vitamin D under your skin.
Vitamin D assists with calcium absorption, which strengthens your bones.
Rickets- disease that involves defective mineralization of bones.
2. Skeletal System- contains bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage.
Provides support for the body and facilitates movement
Protects your internal organs
Stores calcium salts
Red Blood Cell production from bone marrow
3. Nervous System- contains brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Neurons and glial cells are the main components of the nervous system
Higher mental functions
Movement and Sensation
, Autonomic functions
Regulates body functions.
4. Endocrine- Hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, thymus, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, testes,
ovaries.
Regulates body functions
Regulates the function of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of
hormones
These are ductless glands, meaning the secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
The Nervous System works much faster than the endocrine system.
5. Cardiovascular System- contains the heart and the blood vessels
Arteries deliver blood away from the heart
Veins deliver blood to the heart
Capillaries serve as sights for gas exchange and nutrients
Removes waste from the tissues
Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances.
6. Lymphatic- lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels.
Drains excess fluid and brings back to circulatory system.
Provides immunity.
When lymphatic blockage occurs, fluid becomes backed up and lymphedema occurs
7. Respiratory- Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, nasal cavity.
Delivers oxygen to the blood
pH regulation
Ventilation- breathing in and out
Respiration- gas exchange.
8. Digestive- Contains mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas,
small intestine, large intestine, anus
Break down food into nutrients to absorb.
Removes waste
Regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
9. Reproductive System Pt. 1- for females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, mammary glands,
vagina.
Produce and transport eggs
Site of fetal nourishment and development
Mammary glands secrete hormones and lactation.
10. Reproductive System Pt. 2- for males; testes, prostate gland, ductus deferens, penis
Production and transport of sperm
Hormone secretion
