Summary SCB 203 Midterm Exam Study Guide

Study Guide Midterm

1. Levels of organization

i. Chemical
ii. Cellular
iii. Tissues
iv. Organs
v. Organ System
vi. Organism
2. Homeostasis. Positive vs Negative feedbacks
a. Feedback loops (Order)

1. Stimulus
2. Receptor
3. Control center
4. Effector
5. Response
 A positive feedback loop reinforces stimulus and increases output

 Ex. Child Birth, oxytocin receptor sends signals to brain to release oxytocin to contract
uterine walls.
 Ex. Breastfeeding
 A negative feedback loop opposes stimulus and decreases output
 Ex. Fever, Blood Clot (small component of positive)

3. Organ systems

1. Integumentary System- contains skin, hair, nails
 Serves as a barrier from the external environment
 Plays a role in temperature regulation. For example, when your body experiences an
increase in temperature, you start sweating in order to cool off
 Retains water
 Vitamin D production, sun acts as a precursor/activator of vitamin D under your skin.
Vitamin D assists with calcium absorption, which strengthens your bones.
 Rickets- disease that involves defective mineralization of bones.

2. Skeletal System- contains bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage.
 Provides support for the body and facilitates movement
 Protects your internal organs
 Stores calcium salts
 Red Blood Cell production from bone marrow


3. Nervous System- contains brain, spinal cord, and nerves
 Neurons and glial cells are the main components of the nervous system
 Higher mental functions
 Movement and Sensation

,  Autonomic functions
 Regulates body functions.

4. Endocrine- Hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, thymus, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, testes,
ovaries.
 Regulates body functions
 Regulates the function of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of
hormones
 These are ductless glands, meaning the secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
 The Nervous System works much faster than the endocrine system.


5. Cardiovascular System- contains the heart and the blood vessels
 Arteries deliver blood away from the heart
 Veins deliver blood to the heart
 Capillaries serve as sights for gas exchange and nutrients
 Removes waste from the tissues
 Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances.

6. Lymphatic- lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels.
 Drains excess fluid and brings back to circulatory system.
 Provides immunity.
 When lymphatic blockage occurs, fluid becomes backed up and lymphedema occurs


7. Respiratory- Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, nasal cavity.
 Delivers oxygen to the blood
 pH regulation
 Ventilation- breathing in and out
 Respiration- gas exchange.

8. Digestive- Contains mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas,
small intestine, large intestine, anus
 Break down food into nutrients to absorb.
 Removes waste
 Regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

9. Reproductive System Pt. 1- for females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, mammary glands,
vagina.
 Produce and transport eggs
 Site of fetal nourishment and development
 Mammary glands secrete hormones and lactation.

10. Reproductive System Pt. 2- for males; testes, prostate gland, ductus deferens, penis
 Production and transport of sperm
 Hormone secretion