SOLUTION MANUAL FOR Criminal Law for the Criminal Justice Professional ISE Norman M. Garland Chapter 1-16

1



SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
Criminal Law for the Criminal Justice Professional ISE Norman M. Garland
Chapter 1-16




ChapterT1
Nature,TOrigins,TPurposes,TStructure,TandTOperationTofTtheTCriminalTJusticeTSystem


ChapterTObjectives

AfterTreadingTandTstudyingTthisTchapter,TstudentsTshouldTbeTableTtoTaccomplishTtheTfollowingTobj
ectives:
1. StateTaTbasicTdefinitionTofTlaw.
2. ExplainTwhatTdistinguishesTtheTcriminalTlawTfromTotherTlaw.
3. DefineTtheTcommonTlaw.
4. StateTtheTprincipleTofTlegality.
5. ExplainTwhatTtheTMPCTis.
6. DescribeTtheTfundamentalTstructureTofTtheTAmericanTcriminalTjusticeTsystem.

, 2


7. NameTtheTfourTbasicTpoliceTfunctions.
8. StateTwhatTisTrequiredTforTaTlawTenforcementTofficerTtoTarrestTaTsuspect.
9. StateTtheTpurposeTofTaTpreliminaryThearing.
10. DescribeTtheTtwoTalternativeTmethodsTforTchargingTseriousTcrimes.
11. ListTtheTthreeTpossibleTbasesTforTaTdefendant‘sTpretrialTmotionTtoTdismiss.
12. StateTtheTfourTpossibleTgroundsTforTappealTofTaTcriminalTconviction.
13. StateTwhenTaTdefendantTisTentitledTtoTanTattorneyTatTtrial.

ChapterTOutline

I. TheTNatureTandTOriginsTofTLaw

InTtheTUnitedTStatesTtoday,TmostTcitizensTunderstandTtheTconceptTofTlawTtoTconsistTofTtheTfol
lowing:
• TheTfederal,Tstate,TorTlocalTenactmentsTofTlegislativeTbodies
• TheTknownTdecisionsTofTtheTcourtsTofTtheTfederalTandTstateTgovernments
• RulesTandTregulationsTproclaimedTbyTadministrativeTbodies
• ProclamationsTbyTexecutivesTofTtheTfederal,Tstate,TorTlocalTgovernment

LawmakersTdistinguishTbetweenTtwoTtypesTofTrules:T(1)TreligiousTandTmoralTvaluesTandT(2)Trules
TcreatedTbyTgovernmentTtoTprotectTindividualsTandTpromoteTsocialTwelfare.TPeopleTrecognizeTthat

someTactionsTmayTbeTimmoralTevenTthoughTtheyTareTnotTillegal.TInTaddition,TpeopleTgen
erallyTbelieveTthatTtheyTshouldTbeTableTtoTliveTaccordingTtoTtheirTreligiousTprinciples,TasT
longTasTtheirTactionsTdoTnotTviolateTtheTlaw.

A. EmergenceTofTWrittenTLaw

FromTtimeTimmemorial,ThumankindThasTsoughtTtoTminimizeTturmoilTandTchaosTbyTtheTim
positionTofTsomeTsetTofTrulesTbyTwhichTtoTlive.TFromTtheTedictsTofTkingsTandTconquerorsTt
oTtheTU.S.TConstitution,TrulesTofTconductTforTsocietyThaveTbeenTproclaimedTandTenforced.

• AncientTLaw:TAlthoughThumanTsocietiesThaveTalwaysThadTrulesTofTconduct,TtheTfirs
tTknownTwrittenTlawsTareTbelievedTtoTbeTthoseTfoundTonTclayTtabletsTinTUr,ToneTofT
theTcity-TstatesTofTSumeria.TTheyTwereTcreatedTaboutT5,000TyearsTago.
• EnglishTandTAmericanTCommonTLaw:TEveryTancientTnationTeventuallyTdevelopedTfor
malTlegalTcodes,TandTtheTAmericanTlegalTcodeTderivesTprimarilyTfromTthatTofTEnglan
d.
 AfterTWilliamTofTNormandyTconqueredTEnglandTinT1066,TheTestablishedTt
heTeyre—
thatTis,TaTcourtTwithTjudgesTwhoTtraveledTthroughoutTtheTkingdomTonceTe
veryTsevenTyearsTtoThearTcasesTasTrepresentativesTofTtheTking.

, 3


 TheTdecisionsTofTtheseTjudgesTandTofTotherTmembersTofTtheTcentralTjudiciary
createdTbyTtheTNormansTtoTadministerTtheTlawTformedTaTlargeTpartTofTEngland‘s
commonTlaw.
• EmergenceTofTModernTCriminalTLaw:TWhenTtheT13TcoloniesTwereTestablishe
dTinTAmerica,TtheyTadoptedTEngland‘sTcommonTlaw.
 AsTtheTcoloniesTdevelopedTandTtheTUnitedTStatesTwasTformed,TtheTlawTo
fTtheTUnitedTStatesTdevelopedTseparatelyTfromTtheTEnglishTcommonTlawT
tradition.TEventually,TstatutoryTlawTreplacedTcommonTlawTtoTmeetTcitiz
ens‘Tneeds.

B. CivilTLawTversusTCriminalTLaw

Today,TtheTU.S.TjudicialTsystemTprovidesTforTcriminalTlawTviolations,TalsoTcalledTcrimes,Ta
ndTcivilTlawTviolations,TalsoTcalledTtorts.
• CriminalTlawTisTdifferentTfromTotherTtypesTofTlaw,TandTfromTcivilTlawTinTparticu
lar,TbecauseTitTinvolvesTaTviolationTofTpublicTrightsTandTduties,TwhichTcreateTaTsoc
ialTharm.
• CivilTlawTdealsTwithTmattersTthatTareTconsideredTtoTbeTprivateTconcernsTbetween
Tindividuals.TItTincludesTlawsTdealingTwithTpersonalTinjury,Tcontracts,TandTpropert
y,TasTwellTasTadministrativeTlaw.TATviolationTofTcivilTlawTisTcalledTaTtort.

II. CriminalTLawTinTtheTUnitedTStates

TheTAmericanTandTFrenchTrevolutionsTstimulatedTaTlegislativeTmovementTinTtheTareaTofTcriminal
law.TOfTspecialTconcernTwasTtheTseverityTofTtheTcriminalTlaw:TByT1800,TmoreTthanT100Tdiffe
rentTkindsTofToffensesTwereTpunishableTbyTdeathTunderTEnglishTlaw.

A. PurposeTofTtheTCriminalTLaw

TheTunderlyingTpurposeTofTtheTcriminalTlawTisTtoTpreventTandTcontrolTcrime.
• SubstantiveTcriminalTlawTconsistsTofTthoseTlaws,TmostlyTstatutory,TthatTdefineT
whatTconstitutesTcriminalTconductTsubjectTtoTprosecutionTbyTtheTstateTandTsetT
forthTtheTpunishmentTforTsuchTcriminalTacts.
 ProceduralTcriminalTlawTdictatesTtheTmethodsTandTtheTmeansTbyTwhichTtheT
stateTproceeds,TthroughTtheTpolice,TpublicTadministrators,TandTtheTcourts,Tto
TenforceTrightsTorTdutiesTofTtheTsubstantiveTlaw.

• ATcrimeThasTbeenTcommittedTwhenTtheTfollowingTelementsTareTpresent:
 ATwillfulTunlawfulTact,TtheTactusTreus.
 ATguiltyTmind,TtheTmensTrea.TTheTguiltyTmindTelementTdoesTnotTrequireTint
entTtoTviolateTtheTlaw,TbutTratherTtheTintentTtoTcommitTtheTactTthatTtheTlawT
prohibits.

, 4


 ATconcurrenceTofTactTandTintent.
 TheToccurrenceTofTharmTtoTaTperson,Tproperty,TorTsociety.
 ATcausalTrelationshipTbetweenTtheTcriminalTactTandTtheTharm.

B. StatutoryTCriminalTLaw

TheTdevelopmentTofTtheTcommonTlawTofTcrimesTthatTbeganTinTeleventh-
centuryTEnglandTcontinuesTtoTaTsmallerTdegreeTtoday,TbecauseTsomeTnonstatutoryTcrimesTa
reTstillTrecognizedTinTsomeTjurisdictions.TOtherwise,TtheTcriminalTlawTdevelopsTandTisTred
efinedTbyTlegislativeTenactment,ToftenTinTresponseTtoTsocietalTpressures.

C. TheTPrincipleTofTLegality

AnotherTreasonTforTtheTdeclineTofTjudiciallyTcreatedTcriminalTlawTdefinitionsTisTtheTprinci
pleTofTlegality,TwhichTisTaTcoreTconceptTofTtheTAmericanTsystemTofTcriminalTjustice.TUnd
erTthisTprinciple,TnoToneTcanTbeTpunishedTforTanTactTthatTwasTnotTdefinedTasTcriminalTbef
oreTtheTpersonTdidTtheTact.

D. ContemporaryTApplicationsTofTCommonTLaw

ManyTstatesThaveTabolishedTcommonTlawTcrimes,TrelyingTexclusivelyTonTstatutoryTorTcode
Tdefinitions.TEvenTthoughTtheTcommonTlawTisTbutTanTantecedentTtoTtoday‘sTmodernTstatut
oryTcriminalTlawTinTmostTjurisdictions,TtheTcommonTlawTdefinitionsTofTcrimesTcontinueTto
TplayTaTroleTinTunderstandingTtheTcriminalTlaw.



E. TheTModelTPenalTCode

InT1923,TtheTAmericanTLawTInstituteT(ALI),TanTorganizationTofTlawyers,Tjudges,TandTlega
lTscholars,TwasTfoundedTforTtheTpurposeTofTclarifyingTandTimprovingTtheTlaw.TInT1931,Ta
TproposalTforTaTmodelTpenalTcodeTwasTpresented,TbutTtheTDepressionTpreventedTfundingTt
heTproject.THowever,TitTwasTnotTuntilT1962,TafterT13TtentativeTdrafts,TthatTtheTALITpublis
hedTtheTProposedTOfficialTDraftTofTtheTModelTPenalTCode.TTheTModelTPenalTCodeT(M
PC)TisTaTcomprehensiveTrecodificationTofTtheTprinciplesTofTcriminalTresponsibility.

F. TheTGrowthTofTFederalTCriminalTLaw

PriorTtoTtheTCivilTWar,TtheTpowerTtoTdefineTandTpunishTcrimesTinTtheTUnitedTStatesTwasT
exercisedTprincipallyTbyTtheTstates.TSinceTtheTCivilTWar,TfederalTcriminalTlawThasTexpand
edTtoToverlapTareasTthatTpreviouslyTwereTwithinTtheTexclusiveTprovinceTofTtheTstates.TThus
,TthereThasTbeenTanTincreaseTinTtheToverlapTofTfederalTandTstateTcriminalTlawTauthority.