Linux+ XK0-005 Questions and
answers
/home ✔️✔️Correct Ans-this is the home directory it is the default current directory
when logging into a linux machine you will appear to be in the directory of /u/username this is a alias.
The real location of the home directory is /home/username/OS where the OS is the name of the
operating system that you are using
/media ✔️✔️Correct Ans-it contains subdirectories where removal media devices are inserted
/mnt ✔️✔️Correct Ans-temp mounted filesystems
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Reference describing the conventions used for
the layout of Unix-like systems.
In the FHS, all files and directories appear under the root directory /, even if they are stored on
different physical or virtual devices.
Some of these directories only exist in a particular system if certain subsystems, such as the X
Window System, are installed.
Directory: / ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system
hierarchy.
/boot ✔️✔️Correct Ans-AKA bootstrap loader, is a computer program that is responsible for booting a
computer. If it also provides an interactive menu with multiple boot choices then it's often called a
boot manage
These files are static
bootloader ✔️✔️Correct Ans-When a computer is turned off, its software—including operating
systems, application code, and data—remains stored on non-volatile memory.
When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in
random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in
,read-only memory (ROM) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86
systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, e.g., NAND flash) or devices from
which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM.
/proc ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Virtual filesystem providing process and kernel information as text files.
It is a virtual and pseudo-file system to contains info about the running processes with a specific
process ID or PID.
In Linux, corresponds to a procfs mount.
Generally, automatically generated and populated by the system, on the fly.
proc ✔️✔️Correct Ans-presents information about processes and other system information in a
hierarchical file-like structure, providing a more convenient and standardized method for dynamically
accessing process data held in the kernel than traditional tracing methods or direct access to kernel
memory
Typically, it is mapped to a mount point named /proc at boot time
The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures about running processes in the
kernel. In Linux, it can also be used to obtain information about the kernel and to change certain
kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
/sys ✔️✔️Correct Ans-contains information about devices and drivers and some kernel features
/var ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Log Files
Variable Files: files whose content is expected to change during normal operation of the system such
as logs. spool files (contains data which is awaiting some kind of later processing. ) and temp email
files
Data in /var/spool represents work to be done in the future (by a program, user, or administrator);
often data is deleted after it has been processed.
/usr ✔️✔️Correct Ans-User related programs.
,/lib ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Libraries essential for the binaries in /bin/ and /sbin/.
these are shared libraries and kernel modules
/dev ✔️✔️Correct Ans-device files
/etc ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Host-specific system-wide configuration files.
executables required to boot the system, and some log files.
contained in the root directory
/opt ✔️✔️Correct Ans-optional or third party software
/bin ✔️✔️Correct Ans-binary or executable programs. <- for the general user
dynamically linked executables
/sbin ✔️✔️Correct Ans-binary or executable programs for an administrator. These can also contain
system binaries
statically linked executables
/root ✔️✔️Correct Ans-home directory for the root user this is different then another non user of the
system they would be under/home/thatuser
/tmp ✔️✔️Correct Ans-directory for temp files. Often no preserved between system reboots and maybe
size restricted
BIOS ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Basic input/output system
, BIOS (basic input/output system) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-is a program fixed and embedded on a devices
microprocessor that helps to initialize hardware ops and manage the data to flow to and from the OS
at the time of bootup
initially the software was stored on the computer motherboard on ROM chips now it is stored in flash
memory allowing it to be rebuilt without the need to remove chips from the motherboard
BIOS functionality (4 tasks) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-UEFI/EFI/BIOS>bootloader>kernel>system
initialization
Unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-it is a standard form of BIOS that can
be used across multiple manufactures. It allows many manufactures to create a bios that is stdardized
on the same features and capabilities
mkinitrd ✔️✔️Correct Ans-creates initial ramdisk images for preloading modules.
mkinitrd creates an initial image used by the kernel for preloading the block device modules (such as
IDE, SCSI or RAID) which are needed to access the root filesystem. mkinitrd automatically loads
filesystem modules (such as ext3 and jbd), IDE modules, all scsi_hostadapter entries in
/etc/modprobe.conf, and raid modules if the system's root partition is on raid, which makes it simple
to build and use kernels using modular device drivers.
it is a wrapper for Dracut
both this command and dracut recreate the initrd ram based file for the linux bootloader
grub2-install ✔️✔️Correct Ans-GRand Unified Bootloader.
this cmd installs the GRUB onto a device. This includes copying images into the target directory
(generally /boot/grub)
grub2-mkconfig ✔️✔️Correct Ans-creates a new configuration based on the currently running system.
It collects information from the /boot partition (or directory), from the /etc/default/grub file, and the
customizable scripts in /etc/grub.
answers
/home ✔️✔️Correct Ans-this is the home directory it is the default current directory
when logging into a linux machine you will appear to be in the directory of /u/username this is a alias.
The real location of the home directory is /home/username/OS where the OS is the name of the
operating system that you are using
/media ✔️✔️Correct Ans-it contains subdirectories where removal media devices are inserted
/mnt ✔️✔️Correct Ans-temp mounted filesystems
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Reference describing the conventions used for
the layout of Unix-like systems.
In the FHS, all files and directories appear under the root directory /, even if they are stored on
different physical or virtual devices.
Some of these directories only exist in a particular system if certain subsystems, such as the X
Window System, are installed.
Directory: / ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system
hierarchy.
/boot ✔️✔️Correct Ans-AKA bootstrap loader, is a computer program that is responsible for booting a
computer. If it also provides an interactive menu with multiple boot choices then it's often called a
boot manage
These files are static
bootloader ✔️✔️Correct Ans-When a computer is turned off, its software—including operating
systems, application code, and data—remains stored on non-volatile memory.
When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in
random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in
,read-only memory (ROM) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86
systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, e.g., NAND flash) or devices from
which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM.
/proc ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Virtual filesystem providing process and kernel information as text files.
It is a virtual and pseudo-file system to contains info about the running processes with a specific
process ID or PID.
In Linux, corresponds to a procfs mount.
Generally, automatically generated and populated by the system, on the fly.
proc ✔️✔️Correct Ans-presents information about processes and other system information in a
hierarchical file-like structure, providing a more convenient and standardized method for dynamically
accessing process data held in the kernel than traditional tracing methods or direct access to kernel
memory
Typically, it is mapped to a mount point named /proc at boot time
The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures about running processes in the
kernel. In Linux, it can also be used to obtain information about the kernel and to change certain
kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
/sys ✔️✔️Correct Ans-contains information about devices and drivers and some kernel features
/var ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Log Files
Variable Files: files whose content is expected to change during normal operation of the system such
as logs. spool files (contains data which is awaiting some kind of later processing. ) and temp email
files
Data in /var/spool represents work to be done in the future (by a program, user, or administrator);
often data is deleted after it has been processed.
/usr ✔️✔️Correct Ans-User related programs.
,/lib ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Libraries essential for the binaries in /bin/ and /sbin/.
these are shared libraries and kernel modules
/dev ✔️✔️Correct Ans-device files
/etc ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Host-specific system-wide configuration files.
executables required to boot the system, and some log files.
contained in the root directory
/opt ✔️✔️Correct Ans-optional or third party software
/bin ✔️✔️Correct Ans-binary or executable programs. <- for the general user
dynamically linked executables
/sbin ✔️✔️Correct Ans-binary or executable programs for an administrator. These can also contain
system binaries
statically linked executables
/root ✔️✔️Correct Ans-home directory for the root user this is different then another non user of the
system they would be under/home/thatuser
/tmp ✔️✔️Correct Ans-directory for temp files. Often no preserved between system reboots and maybe
size restricted
BIOS ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Basic input/output system
, BIOS (basic input/output system) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-is a program fixed and embedded on a devices
microprocessor that helps to initialize hardware ops and manage the data to flow to and from the OS
at the time of bootup
initially the software was stored on the computer motherboard on ROM chips now it is stored in flash
memory allowing it to be rebuilt without the need to remove chips from the motherboard
BIOS functionality (4 tasks) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-UEFI/EFI/BIOS>bootloader>kernel>system
initialization
Unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI) ✔️✔️Correct Ans-it is a standard form of BIOS that can
be used across multiple manufactures. It allows many manufactures to create a bios that is stdardized
on the same features and capabilities
mkinitrd ✔️✔️Correct Ans-creates initial ramdisk images for preloading modules.
mkinitrd creates an initial image used by the kernel for preloading the block device modules (such as
IDE, SCSI or RAID) which are needed to access the root filesystem. mkinitrd automatically loads
filesystem modules (such as ext3 and jbd), IDE modules, all scsi_hostadapter entries in
/etc/modprobe.conf, and raid modules if the system's root partition is on raid, which makes it simple
to build and use kernels using modular device drivers.
it is a wrapper for Dracut
both this command and dracut recreate the initrd ram based file for the linux bootloader
grub2-install ✔️✔️Correct Ans-GRand Unified Bootloader.
this cmd installs the GRUB onto a device. This includes copying images into the target directory
(generally /boot/grub)
grub2-mkconfig ✔️✔️Correct Ans-creates a new configuration based on the currently running system.
It collects information from the /boot partition (or directory), from the /etc/default/grub file, and the
customizable scripts in /etc/grub.
