AAMC MCAT Exam 1 - 4 P/S Section
Fovea correct answersthe central focal point in the retina, around which the
eye's cones
cluste
r
the fovea is directly involved in color sensation and its distribution of
receptors
across varies
different
species
Optic disc correct answersRegion at the back of the eye where the optic
nerve
the meets
retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve
fibers, no
cones, androds or insensitive to
is thus
light.
Sclera correct answerswhite of
the eye
lens of eye correct answersThe main optical function of the lens is to
transmit it
focusing light,
on the
retina
Helps control the refraction of incoming light into the eye, focusing it
on the retina
Retina correct answersthe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye,
containing
receptor theand cones plus layers of neurons that begin the
rods
processing of visual
informatio
n
Rods correct answersretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray;
necessary for
peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't
respond
only allow sensation of light and
dark
have low sensitivity to detail, not involved in color vision, permits
night vision
contain a single pigment called
rhodopsin
Cones correct answersretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the
centerand
retina of thethat function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones
detect
and fine
give risedetail
to color
sensations.
Cones see
color
High concentration of cones in the macula; the centermost point of the
maculawhich
fovea, is theonly contains
cones
,occipital lobe correct answersA region of the cerebral cortex that
processes visual
informatio
n
temporal lobe correct answersA region of the cerebral cortex responsible
for hearing
and
language.
Sound processing (auditory
cortex)
speech perception/comprehension (Wernicke's
area)
memory & emotion (limbic
system)
somatosensory cortex correct answersarea at the front of the parietal
lobes thatand processes body touch and movement
registers
sensations
motor cortex correct answersan area at the rear of the frontal lobes
that controls
voluntary
movements
Frontal lobe correct answersexecutive
functions
impulse
control
long-term planning (prefrontal
cortex)
motor function (motor
cortex)
speech production (Broca's
area)
Parietal lobe correct answersA region of the cerebral cortex whose
functions include
processing information about
touch.
Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
(somatosensory cortex)
spatial
processing
orientatio
n
manipulati
on
fixed-ratio schedule (fixed=specified, ratio= # of responses) correct
answersa
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified
number of
response
s
Response rate: High,
steady
Ex: delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar
five times
,fixed-interval schedule (fixed = specified, interval = time)
correct answersa
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a
specified time has
elapse
d
This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the
intervalresponding
slower but immediately after the delivery of the
reinforcer.
Response rate: High near end of interval, but slower directly after delivery
of reinforcer
Ex: reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30-second
interval has
elapsed
.
variable-ratio schedule (variable = unpredictable, ratio = # of
responses)reinforcement
answersa correct schedule that reinforces a response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses
when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of
responses.
Response rate: High,
steady
This schedule creates a high steady rate of
responding.
Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a
variable ratio
schedul
e.
Ex: delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar
presses,
then again andafter two bar
presses.
variable-interval schedule (variable=unpredicted, interval=time)
correct answersa
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals
When a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time
has passed.
This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of
response.
Response rate: Slow,
steady
An example of this would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after the
first bar press
following a one-minute interval; a second pellet for the first response
following
minute a five- and a third pellet for the first response following a three-
interval;
minute interval.
social status correct answersA measure of one's social standing obtained by
combining
factors such as education, income, and
occupation.
A person's position in
society
, the level of respect and honor associated with a person's position
in society
Role correct answersa set of expectations (norms) about a social position,
defining
those howposition ought to
in the
behave
A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations
for behaviorwith a given
associated
status
social capital correct answersThe investment people make in their society
in return for
economic or collective
rewards.
the benefits provided by social
networks
the potential of individuals to secure benefits and invent solutions to
problems through
membership in social
networks
cultural capital correct answersBenefits one receives from knowledge,
abilities, and
skill
s
cultural values correct answerscultural values are a culture's ideas about
what is
right, good,
fair, and
just
the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists and
protect
rely upon andfor existence and harmonious
relationship.
cultural norms correct answersrules or expectations of behavior and
thoughts basedwithin
shared beliefs on a specific cultural
group
material culture correct answersThe physical items one associates with a
given cultural
group
.
symbolic culture correct answersThe nonmaterial culture that represents
a group expressed
people; of through ideas and
concepts
baby boom correct answersA cohort of individuals born in the United
Statesand
1946 between
1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative
peace and These conditions allowed for better education and job
prosperity.
opportunities,
encouraging high rates of both marriage and
fertility.
increased rate of fertility after
WW2
the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s correct answers- Values
and attitudes
about sexuality become more
permissive.
- Advertising became more
sexualized.
- Flappers and
Hippies.
Fovea correct answersthe central focal point in the retina, around which the
eye's cones
cluste
r
the fovea is directly involved in color sensation and its distribution of
receptors
across varies
different
species
Optic disc correct answersRegion at the back of the eye where the optic
nerve
the meets
retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve
fibers, no
cones, androds or insensitive to
is thus
light.
Sclera correct answerswhite of
the eye
lens of eye correct answersThe main optical function of the lens is to
transmit it
focusing light,
on the
retina
Helps control the refraction of incoming light into the eye, focusing it
on the retina
Retina correct answersthe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye,
containing
receptor theand cones plus layers of neurons that begin the
rods
processing of visual
informatio
n
Rods correct answersretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray;
necessary for
peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't
respond
only allow sensation of light and
dark
have low sensitivity to detail, not involved in color vision, permits
night vision
contain a single pigment called
rhodopsin
Cones correct answersretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the
centerand
retina of thethat function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones
detect
and fine
give risedetail
to color
sensations.
Cones see
color
High concentration of cones in the macula; the centermost point of the
maculawhich
fovea, is theonly contains
cones
,occipital lobe correct answersA region of the cerebral cortex that
processes visual
informatio
n
temporal lobe correct answersA region of the cerebral cortex responsible
for hearing
and
language.
Sound processing (auditory
cortex)
speech perception/comprehension (Wernicke's
area)
memory & emotion (limbic
system)
somatosensory cortex correct answersarea at the front of the parietal
lobes thatand processes body touch and movement
registers
sensations
motor cortex correct answersan area at the rear of the frontal lobes
that controls
voluntary
movements
Frontal lobe correct answersexecutive
functions
impulse
control
long-term planning (prefrontal
cortex)
motor function (motor
cortex)
speech production (Broca's
area)
Parietal lobe correct answersA region of the cerebral cortex whose
functions include
processing information about
touch.
Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
(somatosensory cortex)
spatial
processing
orientatio
n
manipulati
on
fixed-ratio schedule (fixed=specified, ratio= # of responses) correct
answersa
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified
number of
response
s
Response rate: High,
steady
Ex: delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar
five times
,fixed-interval schedule (fixed = specified, interval = time)
correct answersa
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a
specified time has
elapse
d
This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the
intervalresponding
slower but immediately after the delivery of the
reinforcer.
Response rate: High near end of interval, but slower directly after delivery
of reinforcer
Ex: reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30-second
interval has
elapsed
.
variable-ratio schedule (variable = unpredictable, ratio = # of
responses)reinforcement
answersa correct schedule that reinforces a response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses
when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of
responses.
Response rate: High,
steady
This schedule creates a high steady rate of
responding.
Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a
variable ratio
schedul
e.
Ex: delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar
presses,
then again andafter two bar
presses.
variable-interval schedule (variable=unpredicted, interval=time)
correct answersa
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals
When a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time
has passed.
This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of
response.
Response rate: Slow,
steady
An example of this would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after the
first bar press
following a one-minute interval; a second pellet for the first response
following
minute a five- and a third pellet for the first response following a three-
interval;
minute interval.
social status correct answersA measure of one's social standing obtained by
combining
factors such as education, income, and
occupation.
A person's position in
society
, the level of respect and honor associated with a person's position
in society
Role correct answersa set of expectations (norms) about a social position,
defining
those howposition ought to
in the
behave
A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations
for behaviorwith a given
associated
status
social capital correct answersThe investment people make in their society
in return for
economic or collective
rewards.
the benefits provided by social
networks
the potential of individuals to secure benefits and invent solutions to
problems through
membership in social
networks
cultural capital correct answersBenefits one receives from knowledge,
abilities, and
skill
s
cultural values correct answerscultural values are a culture's ideas about
what is
right, good,
fair, and
just
the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists and
protect
rely upon andfor existence and harmonious
relationship.
cultural norms correct answersrules or expectations of behavior and
thoughts basedwithin
shared beliefs on a specific cultural
group
material culture correct answersThe physical items one associates with a
given cultural
group
.
symbolic culture correct answersThe nonmaterial culture that represents
a group expressed
people; of through ideas and
concepts
baby boom correct answersA cohort of individuals born in the United
Statesand
1946 between
1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative
peace and These conditions allowed for better education and job
prosperity.
opportunities,
encouraging high rates of both marriage and
fertility.
increased rate of fertility after
WW2
the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s correct answers- Values
and attitudes
about sexuality become more
permissive.
- Advertising became more
sexualized.
- Flappers and
Hippies.
