MMSC 491 Exam 1 Study Guide Solutions
Nucleic Acids are - ANSWER✔✔-DNA and RNA
Types of Mutations - ANSWER✔✔-1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Insertions
4. Tranlocation
Translocation - ANSWER✔✔-DNA is excahnged in reciprocal way from
one chromosome to another
Epigenetic Mechanisms - ANSWER✔✔--Changes in the phenotype
-Heritable Mutation
-Not from changes in the DNA sequences
Causes of Epgentic mutation - ANSWER✔✔-DNA Methylation or Histone
modification
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,Genome - ANSWER✔✔-Collective term for the DNA molecule within a cell
or molecule
Genome in Prok - ANSWER✔✔-Usually one large circular DNA
Genome in Eul - ANSWER✔✔-Large peices of proteins reerred to as
chromosomes
Genes - ANSWER✔✔-DNA is broken up into gene that are spread between
each chromsome
Exons - ANSWER✔✔-Coding and are interrupting by Introns
Introns - ANSWER✔✔-Non coding regions
DNA Molecules in Males - ANSWER✔✔-25
(22 autosomes, 1 X, 1Y, ad n mitochrodrial DNA)
DNA In femeales - ANSWER✔✔-24 22 autosomes, 2X and Mitochrondrial
DNA
Wild Type DNA - ANSWER✔✔-Oringinal DNA with no mutatoions
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,Wobble Postition - ANSWER✔✔-The third position in the triplet adn
typically does not efect whcih amino acid is formed
Silent Mutations - ANSWER✔✔-Change in 1 base of the nucleotide
(typically in wobble) and does not cause a change in the amino acid that is
expressed
Nonsense Mutations - ANSWER✔✔-singluar base is changed and causes
early termination in the sequence adn now causes a "stop" codon to form
Missense Mutation - ANSWER✔✔-Changed in 1 base and causes a change
in the amino acid that is expressed
2 Types: Conservative and Nonconservative
Conservative Missense Mutation - ANSWER✔✔-Amino acid changes, but
the amino acid that is put in has similar properties/that behave similary to
the original amino acid that was in place from the biochemical stand point
Nonconservative Missense Mutation - ANSWER✔✔-The new amino acid
that is placed has different chemical properties from the original amino
acid prior to mutations
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, Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose - ANSWER✔✔-at the 2'
psotion on the deozy there is a hydrogen attached compared to Ribose that
has an OH group
Effects of Epigentic Alteration - ANSWER✔✔-1. Alters accessibility of
DNA
2. Changes in gene Expression
Purines - ANSWER✔✔-Adenine and Guanine (has 2 rings)
Pyramidines - ANSWER✔✔-Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (Has 1 ring
DNA Bases - ANSWER✔✔-AGTC
RNA Bases - ANSWER✔✔-AGUC
Structure of ssDNA - ANSWER✔✔--Asymetric 5' and 3' end
-5'end = phospahate group
-3' end: Hydroxyl Group
DsDNA - ANSWER✔✔--Strands run antiparralel
-Runs 5'-3' with the oppsosite running 3'-5'
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Nucleic Acids are - ANSWER✔✔-DNA and RNA
Types of Mutations - ANSWER✔✔-1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Insertions
4. Tranlocation
Translocation - ANSWER✔✔-DNA is excahnged in reciprocal way from
one chromosome to another
Epigenetic Mechanisms - ANSWER✔✔--Changes in the phenotype
-Heritable Mutation
-Not from changes in the DNA sequences
Causes of Epgentic mutation - ANSWER✔✔-DNA Methylation or Histone
modification
Copyright ©EMILLYCHARLOTE 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 1/39
,Genome - ANSWER✔✔-Collective term for the DNA molecule within a cell
or molecule
Genome in Prok - ANSWER✔✔-Usually one large circular DNA
Genome in Eul - ANSWER✔✔-Large peices of proteins reerred to as
chromosomes
Genes - ANSWER✔✔-DNA is broken up into gene that are spread between
each chromsome
Exons - ANSWER✔✔-Coding and are interrupting by Introns
Introns - ANSWER✔✔-Non coding regions
DNA Molecules in Males - ANSWER✔✔-25
(22 autosomes, 1 X, 1Y, ad n mitochrodrial DNA)
DNA In femeales - ANSWER✔✔-24 22 autosomes, 2X and Mitochrondrial
DNA
Wild Type DNA - ANSWER✔✔-Oringinal DNA with no mutatoions
Copyright ©EMILLYCHARLOTE 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 2/39
,Wobble Postition - ANSWER✔✔-The third position in the triplet adn
typically does not efect whcih amino acid is formed
Silent Mutations - ANSWER✔✔-Change in 1 base of the nucleotide
(typically in wobble) and does not cause a change in the amino acid that is
expressed
Nonsense Mutations - ANSWER✔✔-singluar base is changed and causes
early termination in the sequence adn now causes a "stop" codon to form
Missense Mutation - ANSWER✔✔-Changed in 1 base and causes a change
in the amino acid that is expressed
2 Types: Conservative and Nonconservative
Conservative Missense Mutation - ANSWER✔✔-Amino acid changes, but
the amino acid that is put in has similar properties/that behave similary to
the original amino acid that was in place from the biochemical stand point
Nonconservative Missense Mutation - ANSWER✔✔-The new amino acid
that is placed has different chemical properties from the original amino
acid prior to mutations
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, Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose - ANSWER✔✔-at the 2'
psotion on the deozy there is a hydrogen attached compared to Ribose that
has an OH group
Effects of Epigentic Alteration - ANSWER✔✔-1. Alters accessibility of
DNA
2. Changes in gene Expression
Purines - ANSWER✔✔-Adenine and Guanine (has 2 rings)
Pyramidines - ANSWER✔✔-Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (Has 1 ring
DNA Bases - ANSWER✔✔-AGTC
RNA Bases - ANSWER✔✔-AGUC
Structure of ssDNA - ANSWER✔✔--Asymetric 5' and 3' end
-5'end = phospahate group
-3' end: Hydroxyl Group
DsDNA - ANSWER✔✔--Strands run antiparralel
-Runs 5'-3' with the oppsosite running 3'-5'
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