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Understanding Normal and In Utero Exam
Study Guide Solutions
Development is... - ANSWER✔✔-- Lifelong and apparent across lifespan
- Multidirectional
- Multidimensional (physical, cognitive, social/emotional)
- Characterized by plasticity
- Multicontextual (nature and nurture influence)
5 stages of development - ANSWER✔✔-1. Prenatal (conception-birth)
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth-2)
3. Early Childhood (3-5)
4. Middle Childhood (6-11)
5. Adolescence (12-adulthood)
Environment correlations - ANSWER✔✔-Process by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the
environment
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3 types of genotype-environment correlations - ANSWER✔✔-1. Passive
2. Evocative
3. Active
Passive genotype-environment - ANSWER✔✔-Children passively inherit the genes and environment their
family provides
Evocative genotype-environment - ANSWER✔✔-How the social environment reacts to individuals based
on their inherited characteristics
Active genotype-environment - ANSWER✔✔-Individuals seek out environments that support their
genetic tendencies
Stage theories (discontinuous development) - ANSWER✔✔-Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg
Continuous development - ANSWER✔✔-Behaviourists, Vygotsky, Information Processing
Active role in development - ANSWER✔✔-Piaget
Passive role in development - ANSWER✔✔-Behaviourists
Observational Studies - ANSWER✔✔-- Avoids Hawthorne effect
- Can't establish causal relationships
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, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024
Experiments - ANSWER✔✔-- Involves beginning with a sample and assigning subjects to experimental
group (exposed to IV) or control group (not exposed to IV, used for comparison)
3 conditions to establish causal relationships - ANSWER✔✔-(1) IV and DV are related, (2) IV comes
before DV, (3) Cause must be isolated (no outside unknown variables that are actually causing the effect
we see)
Case Studies - ANSWER✔✔-- Helpful when investigating unusual situations
- FIndings cannot be generalized
Surveys - ANSWER✔✔-- Enhance accessibility
- May not allow for in-depth understanding
- Based on self report = limits accuracy
Developmental designs - ANSWER✔✔-- Techniques used in development research
- Examine how age, cohort, gender, and social class impact development
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER✔✔-- Provides developmental analysis
- Attrition
- Cannot examine cohort effects
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Understanding Normal and In Utero Exam
Study Guide Solutions
Development is... - ANSWER✔✔-- Lifelong and apparent across lifespan
- Multidirectional
- Multidimensional (physical, cognitive, social/emotional)
- Characterized by plasticity
- Multicontextual (nature and nurture influence)
5 stages of development - ANSWER✔✔-1. Prenatal (conception-birth)
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth-2)
3. Early Childhood (3-5)
4. Middle Childhood (6-11)
5. Adolescence (12-adulthood)
Environment correlations - ANSWER✔✔-Process by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the
environment
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, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024
3 types of genotype-environment correlations - ANSWER✔✔-1. Passive
2. Evocative
3. Active
Passive genotype-environment - ANSWER✔✔-Children passively inherit the genes and environment their
family provides
Evocative genotype-environment - ANSWER✔✔-How the social environment reacts to individuals based
on their inherited characteristics
Active genotype-environment - ANSWER✔✔-Individuals seek out environments that support their
genetic tendencies
Stage theories (discontinuous development) - ANSWER✔✔-Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg
Continuous development - ANSWER✔✔-Behaviourists, Vygotsky, Information Processing
Active role in development - ANSWER✔✔-Piaget
Passive role in development - ANSWER✔✔-Behaviourists
Observational Studies - ANSWER✔✔-- Avoids Hawthorne effect
- Can't establish causal relationships
Copyright © Stuvia International BV 2010-2024 Page 2/19
, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024
Experiments - ANSWER✔✔-- Involves beginning with a sample and assigning subjects to experimental
group (exposed to IV) or control group (not exposed to IV, used for comparison)
3 conditions to establish causal relationships - ANSWER✔✔-(1) IV and DV are related, (2) IV comes
before DV, (3) Cause must be isolated (no outside unknown variables that are actually causing the effect
we see)
Case Studies - ANSWER✔✔-- Helpful when investigating unusual situations
- FIndings cannot be generalized
Surveys - ANSWER✔✔-- Enhance accessibility
- May not allow for in-depth understanding
- Based on self report = limits accuracy
Developmental designs - ANSWER✔✔-- Techniques used in development research
- Examine how age, cohort, gender, and social class impact development
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER✔✔-- Provides developmental analysis
- Attrition
- Cannot examine cohort effects
Copyright © Stuvia International BV 2010-2024 Page 3/19
