UBCO BIOL 201 Evolution and Ecology Exam Questions and Answers

UBCO BIOL 201 Evolution and Ecology Exam Questions and Answers Type 1 Survivorship Curve - ANSWER-High survivorship in young, physiological survivorship, usually seen when no external death factors, Ex. humans, elephants Type 2 Survivorship Curve - ANSWER-Constant linear decline survivorship, constant mortality throughout lifetime, Ex. squirrels Type 3 Survivorship Curve - ANSWER-High mortality in young, adults produce large amounts of offspring in order to combat the high youth mortality, Ex. sea turtles, frogs, sea urchins Intrinsic Growth Rate - ANSWER-Exponential growth model, exponential growth without limitation, rarely occurs in nature, Ex. whooping crane Realized Growth Rate - ANSWER-logistic growth model, incorporates carrying capacity (K) into the mathematical equation where the population is limited by factors such as density or resources and stops growing Demographic Stochasticity - ANSWER-Randomness with respect to events that affect an individual's birth and death rates Environmental Stochasticity - ANSWER-Randomness with respect to the environment, can affect the whole population, such as year-to-year conditions that vary Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024 Copyright ©Stuvia International BV Page 2/10 Semelparity - ANSWER-No more than 1 single reproductive event in a lifetime, usually followed by death, ex. salmon spawning Iteroparity - ANSWER-Multiple reproductive events within a lifetime, ex. many bird species Fast-Slow Continuum Hypohthesis - ANSWER-Predicts contrasting conditions of high vs low adult mortality, ex. high mortality= fast development, shorter lifespan, higher fecundity r selecting - ANSWER-Where r is the capacity of a population to exhibit growth. r is selected in variable habitats that favour short-lived organisms that develop rapidly and reproduce early, unpredictable habitats, ex. water pools that soon dry up K selecting - ANSWER-Where K is limitations imposed on a population by factors such as resource availability. K is selected for in relatively constant habitats, favour long-lived competitive organisms that develop slowly and reproduce later, predictably patchy or seasonal habitats Grime's Hypothesis - ANSWER-States that organisms are more adapted to deal with competition, disturbance, or stress, and less able to deal with the two that they are not adapted to. Ex. Muskox are stress adapted, adapted to deal with metabolic rates affected by a cold climate Plesiomorphic Trait - ANSWER-Trait is present because of shared ancestry, ancestral character state Apomorphic Trait - ANSWER-Trait defines a clade constituting a single species, shared apomorphies/synapomorphies define clades, derived characters of a clade Homoplasy - ANSWER-Convergent evolution, similar features arisen in separate groups that do not come from an shared common ancestor, ex. bird wings and bat wings, duck bills and platypus bills, endothermy in birds and mammals Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024 Copyright ©Stuvia International BV Page 3/10 Morphospecies Concept - ANSWER-Species are named by morphological similarities and differences, although convergent and divergent evolution make this method problematic Phylogenetic Species Concept - ANSWER-Species are developed as monophyletic groups containing all descendants of a single common ancestor, but problematic when we find paraphyletic grouping such as birds (Aves) from Reptilia Biological Species Concept - ANSWER-Species are defined based on their ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring, but problematic in bacteria because of conjugation, in which bacteria pass genetic material between members of other species, causing bridges over the phylogenetic trees Dispersal - ANSWER-Appearance of new population physically isolated from other populations, no gene flow occurs between the isolated population and other populations, affects where animals can be found, moving to new habitats Fundamental Niche - ANSWER-The range of environmental conditions within which a species can maintain a population without shrinking Abiotic Factors That Affect Plant and Animal Growth - ANSWER-Light, temperature, oxygen, inorganic nutrients, salinity, pH, presence of water Jump Dispersal (Dispersal Type) - ANSWER-Movement of individual organisms across large distances of uninhabitable terrain, then successful establishment, usually over the lifetime of the organism, frequent in winged organisms, ex. an invasive species coming to new lan