HTHSCI 1H06A: COMPREHENSIVE Midterm review Study Guide Solutions

HTHSCI 1H06A: COMPREHENSIVE Midterm review Study Guide Solutions anatomy - ANSWER-the study of the structure of the body physiology - ANSWER-the study of how the body and its parts work or function anatomical position - ANSWER-To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward supine - ANSWER-lying on the back prone - ANSWER-lying face down coronal plane - ANSWER-divides the body into posterior and anterior halves sagittal plane - ANSWER-divides body into left and right halves parasagittal plane - ANSWER-Divides body into unequal right and left halves midsagittal plane - ANSWER-divides the body into equal right and left halves transverse plane - ANSWER-horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions superior (cranial or cephalic) - ANSWER-toward the head or upper part of a structure inferior (caudal) - ANSWER-towards the foot or lower part of a structure anterior (ventral) - ANSWER-nearer to or at the front end of the body Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024 Copyright ©Stuvia International BV Page 2/34 posterior (dorsal) - ANSWER-nearer to or at the back of the body deep - ANSWER-toward the interior or inside of the body superficial - ANSWER-towards the surface or outside of the body medial - ANSWER-nearer to or at the midline of the body lateral - ANSWER-nearer to or at the side of the body proximal - ANSWER-nearer to the point of attachment of a limb or origin of a structure distal - ANSWER-nearer to the far end or point of a limb/structure extension - ANSWER-movement that increases the angle between body parts flexion - ANSWER-movement that decreases the angle between body parts Abdominal Regions - ANSWER-Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac Thoracic landmarks - ANSWER-ribs and intercostal spaces cranial cavity - ANSWER-cavity that contains the brain and spinal cord pericardial cavity - ANSWER-body cavity that contains the heart peritoneal cavity - ANSWER-cavity containing the abdominopelvic organs (GI and reproductive) pleural cavity - ANSWER-contains the lungs parietal layer - ANSWER-layer lining the internal surface of the body wall Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024 Copyright ©Stuvia International BV Page 3/34 visceral layer - ANSWER-layer covering the external surface of organs serous membrane - ANSWER-a thin membrane composed of a single layer of epithelial cells that lines the parietal and visceral layers, secreting a small amount of slippery serous fluid potential space - ANSWER-area between the visceral and parietal layers that has the potential to be filled with fluid, blood, or air Bones of the axial skeleton - ANSWER-skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae (including sacrum and coccyx) Bones of the upper limb of the appendicular skeleton - ANSWER-scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges Bones of the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton - ANSWER-pelvic (os coxae), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges Homeostasis - ANSWER-dynamic process by which organisms maintain stable, balanced internal environment components of a feedback loop - ANSWER-variable, stimulus, receptor/detector, control center, effector Positive Feedback - ANSWER-process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop Negative Feedback - ANSWER-Mechanism of homeostasis by which the system is deprived of the stimulus to terminate the loop Examples of negative feedback - ANSWER-what are the following examples of? temperature control of the body, control of blood glucose by insulin Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024 Copyright ©Stuvia International BV Page 4/34 examples of positive feedback - ANSWER-What are the following examples of? Blood clot formation, Milk production (lactation), Uterine contractions during childbirth, action potential in a neuron Signs - ANSWER-objectively measurable measures of change/disease symptoms - ANSWER-Subjective measures of change/disease felt only by the patient Four types of tissues found in the body - ANSWER-epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective shapes of epithelial tissue cells categorized - ANSWER-squamous, cuboidal, columnar Layers of epithelial tissue cells categorized - ANSWER-simple, stratified or pseudostratified Function of connective tissue - ANSWER-this tissue type provides binding and support, strength, stability, protection against infection, insulation and repair what does connective tissue consist of - ANSWER-this tissue consists of cells surrounded by an Extra- Cellular Matrix that is made up of varying types of Ground Substance and Fibres 2 Types of fibres in connective tissue - ANSWER-what are: elastin and collagen Connective tissue proper: loose - ANSWER-type of connective tissue proper that is semi-fluid, made up of mainly fibroblasts and adipocytes Connective tissue proper: dense - ANSWER-type of connective tissue proper that is very little fluid, and made up of mainly fibroblasts Fibroblasts - ANSWER-these are immature cells that make fibres Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024 Copyright ©Stuvia International BV Page 5/34 Cartilage - ANSWER-a gelatinous substance that is one of the four types of connective tissue: Made up of mainly chondrocytes. Serves to absorb shock. Has a stiff, gelatinous GS Bone - ANSWER-One of the four types of connective tissue. Supports and gives the body shape, has a calcified GS and is made up of mainly osteocytes. Blood - ANSWER-one of the four types of connective tissue. Made up of many cells floating around in a fluid GS. Main cell type here is the erythrocyte (RBC) What are the four types of connective tissue - ANSWER-proper (loose and dense), cartilage, bone, blood What does blue (cyanotic) skin indicate - ANSWER-This colour of skin indicates hypoemia (due to low oxygen in blood hemoglobin does not shine red) what does yellow (jaundiced) skin indicate - ANSWER-this colour of skin indicates liver disfunction, excess accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and fat What does red (erythmea) skin indicate - ANSWER-this colour of skin is indicative of heat, infection, or inflammation. May be due to an allergic reaction what does white (pallor) skin indicate - ANSWER-this colour of sk