NU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide
Questions and Answers
New Update
Know heat exhaustion and heat stroke? - Answer- Exhaustion: -prolonged high
core/enviro temps
-weak, dizzy, nauseated, faint
Stroke: -core temp >40C/106F>>vascular collapse, cerebral edema, CNS degeneration,
renal tubular necrosis, hepatic failure w/ delirium, coma/death
-treatment: cooling blankets, ice NOT TOO QUICKLY>>periph vasoconstriction
Define the different stages of sleep. - Answer- NREM: slow-wave sleep
-75-80% of sleep time
-temp drops
-dependent respiration
REM: rapid eye movement
-time of most dreaming
-20-25% sleep time
-independent respiration
-loss of tongue muscle control>>respiratory obstruction
-loss of REM>>impaired memory and learning
Heat production - Answer- -Chemical reactions of metabolism/maintaining body at rest
requires energy and produces heat
-Increased muscle tone and shivering
-Chemical thermogenesis through release of epi/norepi increasing metabolic rate
producing rapid, transient increase in heat
Heat loss - Answer- Radiation: electromagnetic waves emanate from warm skin to
surrounding cool air
Conduction: direct contact w/ cool air, water, surface
Convection: warm air of body is replaced w/ cooler air
Vasodilation: core blood transfers heat to body surface
Decreased muscle tone: "washed-out" feeling
Evaporation: major source of heat reduction; sweating; insensible water loss
Increased pulmonary ventilation: hyperventilation is assoc. w/ hyperthermia
Voluntary measures: "taking it easy;" "dressing for warm weather"
Adaptation: adjustment from warm climate to cool
, Discuss disorders of the conjunctiva of the eye. - Answer- Acute bacterial conjunctivitis
(pinkeye):
-highly contagious
-acute onset
-self-limiting; resolves in 10-14 days
Viral conjunctivitis:
-contagious
-watering, redness, photophobia
Allergic conjunctivitis:
-ocular itching, photophobia, burning/gritty feel in eye
Chronic conjunctivitis:
-any persistent conjunctivitis
Trachoma (chlamydial):
-assoc. w/ poor hygiene
-leading cause of preventable blindness
-inflammation w/ scarring of conjunctiva/eyelids; distorded lashes abrading cornea
-surgery for lashes; abx
Keratitis:
-inflammation of cornea d/t bacteria, virus, fungi
-can be noninfectious
-staph a is most common infxn
-herpes type 1 is most common virus
-photophobia, pain, lacrimation
Know the best prognostic indicator of recovery of consciousness and functional
outcome after a brain event. - Answer- -GCS
-functional outcome depends on cause of injury, extent of damage, and duration of
coma
Know the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction/function. - Answer- -LOC:
Level of consciousness
-From alert state LOC diminishes from confusion to coma
Know patterns of breathing with head injuries. - Answer- Posthyperventilation apnea:
cerebrum
Cheyne-stokes: cerebral or diencephalic
Central reflex hyperpnea: CNS damage, lower midbrain, upper pons
Apneusis: respiratory control at pontine level
Cluster: lower pontine, high medullary areas
Ataxic: medulla
Gasping: failing medulla
Know vomiting with which CNS injuries. - Answer- Vomting, yawning, hiccups
-compression diseases of medulla oblongata
-direct involvement of central neural mechanism (vomiting w/o nausea
Questions and Answers
New Update
Know heat exhaustion and heat stroke? - Answer- Exhaustion: -prolonged high
core/enviro temps
-weak, dizzy, nauseated, faint
Stroke: -core temp >40C/106F>>vascular collapse, cerebral edema, CNS degeneration,
renal tubular necrosis, hepatic failure w/ delirium, coma/death
-treatment: cooling blankets, ice NOT TOO QUICKLY>>periph vasoconstriction
Define the different stages of sleep. - Answer- NREM: slow-wave sleep
-75-80% of sleep time
-temp drops
-dependent respiration
REM: rapid eye movement
-time of most dreaming
-20-25% sleep time
-independent respiration
-loss of tongue muscle control>>respiratory obstruction
-loss of REM>>impaired memory and learning
Heat production - Answer- -Chemical reactions of metabolism/maintaining body at rest
requires energy and produces heat
-Increased muscle tone and shivering
-Chemical thermogenesis through release of epi/norepi increasing metabolic rate
producing rapid, transient increase in heat
Heat loss - Answer- Radiation: electromagnetic waves emanate from warm skin to
surrounding cool air
Conduction: direct contact w/ cool air, water, surface
Convection: warm air of body is replaced w/ cooler air
Vasodilation: core blood transfers heat to body surface
Decreased muscle tone: "washed-out" feeling
Evaporation: major source of heat reduction; sweating; insensible water loss
Increased pulmonary ventilation: hyperventilation is assoc. w/ hyperthermia
Voluntary measures: "taking it easy;" "dressing for warm weather"
Adaptation: adjustment from warm climate to cool
, Discuss disorders of the conjunctiva of the eye. - Answer- Acute bacterial conjunctivitis
(pinkeye):
-highly contagious
-acute onset
-self-limiting; resolves in 10-14 days
Viral conjunctivitis:
-contagious
-watering, redness, photophobia
Allergic conjunctivitis:
-ocular itching, photophobia, burning/gritty feel in eye
Chronic conjunctivitis:
-any persistent conjunctivitis
Trachoma (chlamydial):
-assoc. w/ poor hygiene
-leading cause of preventable blindness
-inflammation w/ scarring of conjunctiva/eyelids; distorded lashes abrading cornea
-surgery for lashes; abx
Keratitis:
-inflammation of cornea d/t bacteria, virus, fungi
-can be noninfectious
-staph a is most common infxn
-herpes type 1 is most common virus
-photophobia, pain, lacrimation
Know the best prognostic indicator of recovery of consciousness and functional
outcome after a brain event. - Answer- -GCS
-functional outcome depends on cause of injury, extent of damage, and duration of
coma
Know the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction/function. - Answer- -LOC:
Level of consciousness
-From alert state LOC diminishes from confusion to coma
Know patterns of breathing with head injuries. - Answer- Posthyperventilation apnea:
cerebrum
Cheyne-stokes: cerebral or diencephalic
Central reflex hyperpnea: CNS damage, lower midbrain, upper pons
Apneusis: respiratory control at pontine level
Cluster: lower pontine, high medullary areas
Ataxic: medulla
Gasping: failing medulla
Know vomiting with which CNS injuries. - Answer- Vomting, yawning, hiccups
-compression diseases of medulla oblongata
-direct involvement of central neural mechanism (vomiting w/o nausea
