Binghamton Bio 114 - Exam 2 Latest with complete solution

adventituous root - emerges from the stem right above the ground to help support plants in shallow soils allopatric speciation - occurs when subpopulations are separated by some physical barrier. The two subpopulations remain reproductively isolated (no gene flow) and, over time, diverge from each other Angiosperms - Vascular plants with fruit-covered seeds The fruit increases the protection and dispersal of seeds; the largest number of species of all plants. 1. Flower: a major innovation over gymnosperms: they facilitate pollination by attracting animal Pollinators. 2. Fruit = a mature, ripened ovary enclosing seed(s) annuals - angiosperms that die off at the end of the year leaving only seeds for the next growing season assotative mating - an individual is more likely to mate with another that is similar in phenotype to itself Axial - central column with spire shape for strength and shedding snows (spruces) biological species concept - If two populations do not interbreed in nature, or do so but fail to produce viable offspring - they are separate species. problematic for distinguishing species in the fossil record and for organisms whose populations do not overlap bottlenecks - where a gene pool is significantly reduced for some reason and a relatively small allele diversity remains. Buttressed trunk - for greater support in thin tropical soilsCarolus Linnaeus - () Founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms. Developed two part system of naming organisms, binomial nomenclature. Named over 12,000 plants Challenges of life on land - 1)Dehydration and getting enough water for photosynthesis 2) Support of plant structure above ground (overcoming gravity) 3) Transport of water within the plant from buried or submerged cells to air-exposed cells 4) Transport of photosynthate sugars to non-photosynthesizing cells, such as "root" cells 5) Sexual reproduction in dry environments where flagellated sperm can't swim. 6) Exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation characteristics of kingdom plantae - 1)Chloroplasts with chlorophyll a, b and β-carotene for wider spectral sensitivity - in green algae and all land plants 2)Multiple membrane layers in chloroplasts condition = stacked and flattened vesicles without connection to the inner of two membranes enclosing the chloroplast), for more efficient extraction of radiant energy 3)Cellulose cell wall outside of cell membrane (for greater protection - and structural support) 4)Starch as an energy storage product Cladistics - Grouping of species by shared, recently derived characters only; largely based on the idea that species with recently evolved traits are likely closely related. In other words, the independent evolution of a trait in multiple genetic lines is much less likely than it evolving once in an ancestor and that ancestor passing that trait to its various descendent lines.