FW104 Final Exam CSU Latest Version Graded A+

FW104 Final Exam CSU Latest Version Graded A+ DNA The genetic blueprint for life, utilizing four bases (GACT). GENES Segments of DNA typically found on chromosomes, containing chemical information necessary for producing specific proteins that influence inherited traits. CHROMOSOMES Condensed structures composed of long DNA strands coiled around proteins. DIPLOID Having two sets of homologous chromosomes derived from each parent. ALLELE One of multiple forms of a gene located at the same position on homologous chromosomes. In diploid organisms, each individual inherits one allele from each parent. HETEROZYGOUS TRAITS Traits characterized by different alleles inherited from each parent (e.g., Tt). HOMOZYGOUS TRAITS Traits characterized by identical alleles inherited from both parents (e.g., TT or tt). GENOTYPE The genetic makeup or constitution of an organism. PHENOTYPE The observable physical expression of a characteristic resulting from the interaction of genetic makeup and environment. GENETIC VARIABILITY The extent of variation in genetic makeup among individuals within a population. MUTATIONS Random alterations in the DNA sequence that can affect genes. EVOLUTION Changes in the frequency of alleles over time due to natural selection, resulting in cumulative changes in population characteristics. NATURAL SELECTION The process where genetically diverse individuals with advantageous traits have higher survival and reproductive success in specific environments. RED QUEEN HYPOTHESIS Concept suggesting that organisms must evolve continuously to maintain their ecological position or risk being outcompeted. SPECIATION 1. Gradual change due to environmental factors. 2. Separation into two populations by geographic barriers. 3. Reproductive isolation, where isolated groups diverge due to different environmental pressures, leading to the inability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.