NR 565 Pharmacology Week 1 Exam Study Guide 2024

Pharmacokinetics - The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body "What the body does to the drug" Factors that affect drug absorption (5) - Rate of dissolution Surface area Blood flow Lipid solubility PH partitioning Factors that affect drug distribution (4) - Blood flow to tissues Ability to exit vascular system Blood-brain barrier Protein-binding capacity Pharmacodynamics - The study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced "What the body does to the drug" Phamacodynamics: 3 mechanisms of action - Receptor Enzyme Non-selective interactions (i.e. chemo) Types of drug therapy (7) - Acute Maintenance (HTN/bc) Supplemental (insulin) Palliative Supportive (IV fluid) Prophylactic Empirical (broad-spectrum abx) Idiosyncratic Effect - Unexpected response to medication Tolerance - Declining response to a drug Dependence - Physiological/psychological need for a drug; needs drug for normal function Addiction - Compulsive use of a drug despite negative/dangerous effects Drug interactions: drug-drug - When 2 drugs compete for metabolizing enzymes Drug interactions: food-drug - Grapefruit juice or leafy greens Drug interactions: additive - 1+1 = 2; both provide intended effect Drug interactions: antagonistic - 1+1 = <2; less than desired effect of one or both drugs Drug interactions: synergistic - 1+1 = >2; sum total effect is greater than if given alone (i.e. lisinopril + HCTZ) Drug interactions: incompatibility - 1+1 does not equal 2; two IV drugs given together causing decomposition of one or both drugs 8 rights of medication administration - Patient Medication Dose Route Time Reason Response Documentation Adverse reactions: pharmacologic - Extension of a drug's normal effect Adverse reactions: Allergic/hypersensitivity - Exaggerated immune response (i.e. mild itching to anaphylaxis) Adverse reactions: idiosyncratic - Peculiar to the patient Adverse reactions: drug reaction - Most complex, difficult to determine Teratogenic effects - Causes birth defects Mutagenic effects - Able to cause changes in genetic tissue Carcinogen - Substances that can cause cancer Toxicology - The study of adverse effects of chemicals and their compounds on living organisms and tissues 4 components of pharmacokinetics - Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Onset of action - The time it takes for medication to take effect Time to peak effect - Time before medication is at height of effect