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Joan of Arc Deeply religious girl. Came to Charles VII and claimed to have heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans. Fought in the Hundred Years War and helped the French. Captured by the English. Burned as a heretic. Wars of the Roses English aristocratic families (with their armies) fighting other families for control. Lancaster vs York. Henry Tudor wins (Henry VII). Tudor dynasty begins in England. Holy Roman Empire Large, powerful kingdom with territory throughout central Europe Spanned from the North and Baltic Seas to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas and from Bohemia to Burgundy Emperor Charles IV () Occupied almost entirely by Germanic people Decentralized Emperor Charles IV • Passed the Golden Bull • Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire • Turned Prague into a cultural center • Fostered a literary and artistic Renaissance • Gave up political power as Emperor Golden Bull • Edict passed by Emperor Charles IV • Holy Roman Emperor chosen by seven great princes of the empire without consultation with the pope • Reduced power of emperor Black Death/ Plague • Virulent combination of pneumonia, bubonic plague, septicemia • Killed a third to one half of European population • Loss of social and moral codes • Created a labor surplus • Infrastructure fell apart as farming, manufacturing went dormant Jacquerie • Labor surplus led to higher wages for peasants • Nobles, aristocracy did not want to pay more, demanded pre-plague wages • Local nobles, French king increase taxes, local demands • Peasants revolt, not chivalric in nature • Anticlerical (attacked church structure) • Ended by completed dissection of French Army Etienne Marcel • Wealthy Parisian cloth merchant • Angered with the French aristocracy, elite • Wanted to control French finances and fiscal reforms • Followers included merchants, guild elite, and peasants • Ended by complete force of the French Army Hanseatic League Monopolized northern grain trade along Baltic Coast League had rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe Influx of Baltic Grain sent Europe into a 200+ year depression Avignon • Clement V () moved papacy to Avignon in 1305 from Rome • Under French control • Home of papacy from • Papacy concentrated on legal and fiscal reforms • Led to Great Schism Indulgences • Pope transfers positive balance to sinners in return for pious acts including contributing money to church • Could be purchased for ones own use or to assist souls of family members in purgatory • Major source of church's revenue