REASON AND EVIDENCE D265| 61 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Propositions statements that are true or false. ex. 1+1=2 Non-Propositions statement that cannot be true or false. EX. Lets go fly a kite Simple propositions simply true or false on their own. Complex propositions Truth depends on the truth of their parts and their internal logic. ex. this soda is coke or pepsi. Words used to identify Independent Propositions and or either.....or..... but if.....then...... Bad inferential structure argument is bad, because the premises dont support the conclusion. False Premise One premise has to be false in argument. ex. All humans are cats (false) All cats are mammals (True) So, all humans are mammals (True) Conclusion Indicators trying to get me to believe something, that is the conclusion Premise Indicators indicating that the fact said lead to a conclusion Because, for, given that, in fact, as, since, as indicated by Premises make you ask "what does that mean?" "why tell me that?" Conclusions make you ask "why would i believe that? Give me a reason to believe that claim" Deduction arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion Induction arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable Abduction finding the most likely explanation for what has happened Truth a true statement that accurately represents reality. EX. P1) all siamese are cats. P2) Rosie is a siamese. C) therefore, Rosie is a cat. validity If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. EX. P1) Rosie was born in Cali. P2) Everyone from Cali likes biscuits C) Rosie likes biscuits Soundness premises are true and conclusion makes sense EX. P1) Whales dont have fur. P2) Whales are mammals. C) Therefore, not all mammals have fur Cogency cogent if its Strong & Premises are true. EX. most crows seen are black. Therefore, the next crow seen will be black. Formal Fallacy argument with a bad structure informal fallacy content of argument is the issue modus pones if a, then b a therefore, b EX. if Today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore John will go to work. modus tollens if a, then b not a therefore, not b EX. If im happy, then i smile. Im not smiling, therefore im not happy fallacy fallacy someone notices your argument contains a fallacy, leads them to believe your claim is false. EX. your argument contains a straw man fallacy so i think youre lying. ad hominem fallacy attacking person, not the argument EX. 1) cats are smart animals. 2. well you're stupid so i dont believe you. genetic fallacy arguer critiques origin of claim or argument rather than the argument EX. my parents told me that God exists, therefore, God exist. straw figure or straw man fallacy arguing against a false version of someones actual argument. EX. 1) id rather have a dog than a cat. 2) why do you hate cats? red herring fallacy talk about one thing, but end up talking about another EX. you are home late, you distract parents by asking how the weather is. evasive red herring responding to a question with something off the topic Appeal to Authority fallacy believing an argument because of someone's authority EX. kid says cussing is wrong cause his mom said so. Appeal to Force uses threat to make someone believe argument EX. cats are cute, you better believe me or ill punch you in the face. Ad Populum fallacy believing an argument because it's popular EX. everyone drives over the speed limit, so its should not be against the law. Appeal to Consequences fallacy statement must be T or F based on the consequences if would lead to. EX. stock market will go up this year. A lot of people would lose money if it didn't. Equivocation fallacy using same word in more than one way. Causing a misleading argument. example: children are a headache. Aspirin will make headaches go away. Therefore, aspirin will make children go away appeal to ignorance Cannot prove that proposition A is true or false. So could be true or could be false. EX. UFOs havent came to earth, so i believe that they have. Slippery Slope one thing leads to another EX. if student redo test, theyll want to redo all test. Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy someone chooses an argument based on what they want to believe, only use evidence to support their side post hoc ergo propter hoc because an event occurred first, it must have caused this later event. EX. Every time that rooster crows, the sun comes up. that rooster must be very powerful and important. hasty generalization fallacy making a broad judgment of a large group with little evidence EX. my brothers never help with chores, all men are useless with chores. false dilemma (black/white) two options are presented as the only two options EX. you are for us, or you are against us Burden Shifting shifting burden of proof to arguer EX. prove to me its true or not. Basic Concepts 1<-----2 1 is true "why?" "because of 2" Indirect Support 1<-----2<-----3 main conclusion of the argument Independent support its an argument for the conclusion on its own. conjoint support premise doesn't support the conclusion without other premises. mapping independent support 3 inferences (educated guess) that have the same conclusion Multiple downward braces if there are more than one conclusion