NR 603 Final Exam Review

NR 603 Final Exam Review List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. Your Answer: small intestine and large intestine The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) Your Answer: a. False b. True c. False d. True e. False a. False- (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. True c. False- (This process is called endocytosis) d. True e. False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? Your Answer: Tay-Sachs disease impacts the lysosome of the cell. This leads to a toxic buildup of toxins in the brain. This can lead to disability and death. (1) Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. Your Answer: The smaller cell would carry out respiration at a more active rate. This is because of the increased surface area compared to larger cells. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? Your Answer: During swallowing, the soft palate in blocked by the tongue. This prevents choking on food or liquids. The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Trachea Nasopharynx Oropharynx Alveoli Label the following five items from the diagram: Label B- Label D- Label E- Label F- Label G- Your Answer: B- oral cavity D- epiglottis E- Glottis F- trachea G- esophagus Label B- Oral Cavity Label D- Epiglottis Label E- Glottis Label F- Trachea Label G- Esophagus From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers. Your Answer: Someone who has hypergastrinemia may develop stomach ulcers because of the increased gastrin, this can irritate the stomach lining which would leade to ulcers. Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3: 4: 7: 9: 10: