Unit 1 - AP Gov, Ap Government Unit 1 with 100% correct answers

natural rights, social contract, popular soverignty, and republicanism 4 Principles of Government influcences of the founding era of the US: -british constitutional system:english petition of right, english bill of rights, english common law, and glorious revolution -political, philosophical, and historical influences: baron de montesquieu, greek democracies, roman republic Iroquois confederacy -colonial traditions: colonial legislatures, local courts, emerging free market traditions, property interests, economic recession, and changes in population natural rights "And reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." : is what concept -derived from the creator granted to all humanity social contract human kind surrenders most extreme rights to self-preservation so they can enter into a commonwealth to protect natural rights : is what concept popular soverignty if all members of the commonwealth are equal in natural rights, then all retain power. decisions are made about actions of the state via consent of the governed and the gov must not raise taxes without the consent of the people, given by themselves, or their deputies : is what concept republicanism the consent of the governed is expressed via regular elections appointing representatives by the electorate : is what concept Articles of Confederation 1st Constitution of the U.S. (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature. Shays' rebellion Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in , protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. Checks and Balances A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power Separation of powers A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny. Bicameral A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules Federalists Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution. Anti-Federalist Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution. Federalism A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments Supremacy clause Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland) Virginia Plan Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states. New Jersey Plan Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally. Connecticut or Great Compromise Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. Republican Democracy Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation. Federalist Papers A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. Federalist Paper #10 Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts. Bill of Rights A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution in 1791 as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns. Elastic clause AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time. Commerce clause The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time. Concurrent powers Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds cooperative federalism A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. Dual Federalism A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc. Implied powers Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause Inherent powers powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws Reserved Powers belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level. Block grants Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate.