ACE | 2021
Blood Characteristics
✓ Sticky, opaque fluid
Subject: Human Anatomy and ✓ Heavier and thicker than water
✓ Color range
Physiology ➢ Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
➢ Oxygen-poor blood is dull red or purple
✓ Metallic, salty taste
✓ Blood is slightly alkaline between 7.35 and 7.45
✓ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body
Topic: Blood temperature, at 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4
degrees Fahrenheit
• Blood
o Only fluid tissue, a type of connective tissue, in Blood Volume
the human body o About 5-6 liters, or about 6 quarts, of blood are
o Blood as Transport System found in a healthy adult
➢ Nutrient o Blood makes up 8 percent of bodyweight
➢ Wastes
➢ Hormones I. Blood Plasma
➢ Body heat ▪ 90% water
▪ Includes many dissolved substances:
Blood components ➢ Nutrients
1. Formed elements (living cells) ➢ salts (electrolytes)
2. Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix) ➢ respiratory gases
➢ hormones
➢ plasma proteins
➢ waste products
▪ Blood composition varies as cells exchange
substances with the blood
❖ Liver makes more proteins when levels
drop
❖ respiratory and urinary systems restore
blood pH to normal when blood becomes
to acidic or alkaline
▪ Plasma helps distribute body heat
• Plasma Proteins
1. Albumin
- Most abundant plasma proteins
- Manufactured in the liver
- An important blood buffer and
contributes to osmotic pressure
- Serves as binding proteins that
transports fatty acids and steroid
hormones in the body
- 54% of plasma protein
2. Fibrinogen
- Least abundant
- Also produced in the liver
- Clotting proteins
- 7% of plasma protein
- Help to stem blood loss when a blood
vessel is injured
, Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs
3. Globulin
- Second most abundant
- Help protect the body from pathogen
❖ antibodies is made up of this protein
II. Formed Elements
i. Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
- Main function is to carry oxygen
- RBCs differ from other blood cells
✓ anucleate (no nucleus)
✓ contain few organelles; lack
mitochondria (uses anaerobic
respiration to survive)
✓ essentially bags of hemoglobin
1. Anemia
(hb)
▪ a decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of the
✓ shaped like biconcave discs (for
blood due to:
increased surface area)
▪ Lower-than-normal number of rbcs
- Normal count is 5 million RBCs per cubic
▪ Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content
millimeter (mm^3) of blood
in the rbcs
- Hemoglobin is an iron-bearing protein
Types of Anemia
✓ binds oxygen
✓ Each hemoglobin molecule can
bind 4 oxygen molecules
✓ Each erythrocyte has 250 million
hemoglobin
✓ Normal blood contains 12-18 g of
hemoglobin per 100 milliliters (ml)
of blood
• Hemoglobin structure
o A globular protein with tertiary structure 2. Sickle-cell Anemia
➢ it means proteins are folded into ▪ Glutamic acid is replaced with Valine
specific places ▪ Hemoglobin S = assuming a crescent shape
o Its folded structure allows it to perform
specific function of binding and carrying
oxygen
o However, the folded structure is also
vulnerable to denaturation (unfolding)
➢ denatured protein is unable to bind
to oxygen
o 2 components: protein and iron
o 4 globin (folded protein) that can be
alpha or beta chain
o each globin is binded to heme
o heme contains an iron ion combine to
one oxygen molecule 3. Polycythemia
o Each hemoglobin molecule can ▪ disorder resulting from excessive or
transport 4 oxygen molecules abnormal increase of RBCs due to:
➢ Bone marrow cancer (polycythemia
vera)
2
Blood Characteristics
✓ Sticky, opaque fluid
Subject: Human Anatomy and ✓ Heavier and thicker than water
✓ Color range
Physiology ➢ Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
➢ Oxygen-poor blood is dull red or purple
✓ Metallic, salty taste
✓ Blood is slightly alkaline between 7.35 and 7.45
✓ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body
Topic: Blood temperature, at 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4
degrees Fahrenheit
• Blood
o Only fluid tissue, a type of connective tissue, in Blood Volume
the human body o About 5-6 liters, or about 6 quarts, of blood are
o Blood as Transport System found in a healthy adult
➢ Nutrient o Blood makes up 8 percent of bodyweight
➢ Wastes
➢ Hormones I. Blood Plasma
➢ Body heat ▪ 90% water
▪ Includes many dissolved substances:
Blood components ➢ Nutrients
1. Formed elements (living cells) ➢ salts (electrolytes)
2. Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix) ➢ respiratory gases
➢ hormones
➢ plasma proteins
➢ waste products
▪ Blood composition varies as cells exchange
substances with the blood
❖ Liver makes more proteins when levels
drop
❖ respiratory and urinary systems restore
blood pH to normal when blood becomes
to acidic or alkaline
▪ Plasma helps distribute body heat
• Plasma Proteins
1. Albumin
- Most abundant plasma proteins
- Manufactured in the liver
- An important blood buffer and
contributes to osmotic pressure
- Serves as binding proteins that
transports fatty acids and steroid
hormones in the body
- 54% of plasma protein
2. Fibrinogen
- Least abundant
- Also produced in the liver
- Clotting proteins
- 7% of plasma protein
- Help to stem blood loss when a blood
vessel is injured
, Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs
3. Globulin
- Second most abundant
- Help protect the body from pathogen
❖ antibodies is made up of this protein
II. Formed Elements
i. Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
- Main function is to carry oxygen
- RBCs differ from other blood cells
✓ anucleate (no nucleus)
✓ contain few organelles; lack
mitochondria (uses anaerobic
respiration to survive)
✓ essentially bags of hemoglobin
1. Anemia
(hb)
▪ a decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of the
✓ shaped like biconcave discs (for
blood due to:
increased surface area)
▪ Lower-than-normal number of rbcs
- Normal count is 5 million RBCs per cubic
▪ Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content
millimeter (mm^3) of blood
in the rbcs
- Hemoglobin is an iron-bearing protein
Types of Anemia
✓ binds oxygen
✓ Each hemoglobin molecule can
bind 4 oxygen molecules
✓ Each erythrocyte has 250 million
hemoglobin
✓ Normal blood contains 12-18 g of
hemoglobin per 100 milliliters (ml)
of blood
• Hemoglobin structure
o A globular protein with tertiary structure 2. Sickle-cell Anemia
➢ it means proteins are folded into ▪ Glutamic acid is replaced with Valine
specific places ▪ Hemoglobin S = assuming a crescent shape
o Its folded structure allows it to perform
specific function of binding and carrying
oxygen
o However, the folded structure is also
vulnerable to denaturation (unfolding)
➢ denatured protein is unable to bind
to oxygen
o 2 components: protein and iron
o 4 globin (folded protein) that can be
alpha or beta chain
o each globin is binded to heme
o heme contains an iron ion combine to
one oxygen molecule 3. Polycythemia
o Each hemoglobin molecule can ▪ disorder resulting from excessive or
transport 4 oxygen molecules abnormal increase of RBCs due to:
➢ Bone marrow cancer (polycythemia
vera)
2
