Blood Bank Exam 1 with complete solutions

Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) - Answer- First encyclopedia set called "natural history" Had 37 books in it that talked ab using menstruating women as pesticides and blood from fallen gladiators Pope Innocent VIII (1492) - Answer- Used three 10 year old boys in an attempt at a transfusion bc he developed a fever NOT successful Libavius (1615) - Answer- Procedure that used silver tubes to drain the blood of younger men into older men "Fountain of Youth" NOT successful William Harvey (1628) - Answer- Discovered the circulatory system Basis to start IV injection research Vicar of Kilamatron (1652) - Answer- Transfusing chicken blood by IV into himself NOT successful Sir Christopher Wren (1657) - Answer- Furthered IV practice by injecting wine into dogs and making them drunk Pushed limits for IV injection Richard Lower (1665) - Answer- Bled a dog to the brink of death and SUCCESSFULLY transfused him w another dog Both dogs lived First recorded animal transfusion Jean-Baptist Denis (1667) - Answer- Physician to Louis XIV Successfully transfused a sheep to a fifteen year old boy First recording of a hemolytic transfusion Scared the scientific population and halted any further research James Blundell (1818) - Answer- Successfully transfused human blood into a mother that was hemorrhaging in childbirth First successful human to human "Father of modern transfusion" John Braxton Hicks (1869) - Answer- Experimented with sodium phosphate to be used as an anticoagulant to help w blood storage NOT successful but credited w the first attempt Karl Landsteiner (1901) - Answer- Discovered the ABO blood groups, later received Nobel Prize Set up basic principles for compatibility testing "Father or immunohematology" Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli (1902) - Answer- Discovered that group C was not a separate blood type but combination of A&B present Rudin Ottenberg (1907) - Answer- Pushed for the practice of patient and donor blood to have compatibility testing in vitro Major historical marker for us in the lab Hustin (1914) - Answer- Started using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant to prevent clotting and cell death SUCCESSFUL Rous and Turner (1916) - Answer- Added a form of glucose to the anticoagulant (dextrose) to provide an energy source for cells to live longer in storage AABB & FDA (1947) - Answer- Blood banks start to be established in major cities Regulating agencies Define the specialist title available to blood bankers and list the requirements - Answer- SBB- Specialist in Blood Bank optional certification exam following 3-5 years MLS certified Blood Bank experience Define Polyploid - Answer- abnormal amount of genetic material or too many sets of homologous chromosomes Example- megakaryocytes (more chromosomes than normal through a process called endomitosis) Predict the amount of autosomes and sex chromosomes in a healthy individual - Answer- a healthy human has 46 chromosomes- 2 sets of 23 (23 from mom and 23 from dad) 22 sets are autosomes and 1 set is sex chromosomes Define allele - Answer- one or more alternate forms of a gene at same corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes Determine the most common inheritance expression for blood group systems - Answer- most blood group systems are inherited with codominance, which is the equal expression of both inherited alleles Describe inheritance patterns and their expressions - Answer- dominant- gene that will have a detectable product that is always expressed whether inherited homozygous or heterozygous codominant- gene expressed regardless of presence of another gene (ex. blood type "AB") recessive- an allele expressed only when it is inherited as homozygous (ex. blood type "O") Define and distinguish the Mendelian Laws - Answer- segregation- chance of any gene on a particular chromosome ending up in any particular individual is a random event dependent assortment- genes located on the same chromosome will be inherited together independent assortment- alleles are sorted into gametes independently of one another (genes do not influence each other) crossing over- independent traits can become linked on the same chromosome (further apart= more likely) only exception to dependent assortment Define alloantibody - Answer- Ab directed against an Ag of genetically different individual, but same species (ex. transfusion) Describe the typical serological pattern of Ig production in an immune response - Answer- first response- IgM followed by IgG production second response- IgM followed much faster with IgG production that is a stronger response Predict the findings in an anemnestic (secondary) immune response - Answer- T and B lymphocytes (Ag-specific memory cells) that were generated during primary response Compare Complete and Incomplete antibodies - Answer- complete Ab- capable of agglutinating RBCs in a saline suspension usually at immediate spin phase (usually IgM) (ex. ABH, I, MN, Lewis, Lutheran, P) incomplete- will NOT agglutinate RBCs in saline only, you must add something and possible incubation (37 degrees celsius) to enhance response (mostly IgG) (ex. Ss, Kell, Kidd, Rh, Lu^b, Duffy) Compare Naturally Occurring and Immune antibodies - Answer- natural- not all Ab produced are a result of prior immunization, occur without Ag stimulation (ex. AB most common, I, Lewis, P, M,C^w) IgM type react better at cooler temp formed during first 6 months of life immune- produced in response to prior exposure or sensitization to foreign Ab (ex. transfusion, pregnancy with fetal maternal bleed or delivery) IgM first, then IgG normal response reacts at body temp (37 degrees C) Describe the characteristics of the major cells of the immune system and their functions - Answer- Cellular Immunity T lymphocytes- produced in bone marrow and mature in the thymus cytotoxic T cells- destroys infected cells helper T cells- signal B lymphocytes to activate and recruits cells suppressor T cells- regulates lymphocytes secrete lymphokines- helps direct macrophages and activate cells Humoral Immunity B lymphocytes- produced in BM and mature in lymphoid tissue (ex. Peyer's patches or lymph nodes) B lymphocytes- have surface Ab mature into plasma cells that secrete Ab Illustrate the Immunoglobulin structure - Answer- Describe the distinguishing features of IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies - Answer- IgA 180- 500 kD found in secretions and secretory IgA does not fix C' or cross the placenta may see occasional secondary response (memory) serum- monomer secretions- pentamer IgG smallest MW 150 kD H chain is gamma highest serum concentration not in secretions non-agglutinating without AHG fixes C' and crosses placenta anamnestic response (2nd exposure) monomer IgM largest MW 900 kD H chain is Mu