BIOCHEMISTRY, DNA & HORMONES STUDY
Isomer- two molecules with the same molecular formula but different molecular structure.
● this gives chemicals different properties.
● E.g glucose and fructose.
Isotope- an element on the periodic table that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons. e.g carbon 12, carbon 13, and carbon 14 are isotopes of
carbon.
Hydrogen bond- occurs between 2 polar molecules
- weak as a single bond but many are very strong.
- Gives water its special properties.
Osmosis- the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration until equilibrium is reached.
- high [ ] of water = low solute [ ]
- Low water [ ] of water = high solute [ ]
Enzyme- a catalyst that helps speed up reactions
Substrate- a molecule that an enzyme reacts with
Active site- part of an enzyme that directly binds to a substrate and carries a reaction
DNA REPLICATION
DNA gyrase- untangles any knots or twists in the dna
DNA helicase- splits the dna in half
DNA primase- an enzyme that provides a primer for copying dna
BINDING PROTEINS- sticks to the unwinding section to prevent the two strands from joining
back together.
DNA POLYMERASE 1- AN ENZYME THAT ADDS NEW NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEOTIDES.
LEADING/LAGGING STRAND- leading strand- only needs 1 primer, grows in the direction of
unwinding, has continuous growth. Lagging Strand- grows in opposite direction of unwinding,
needs more than one primer, has discontinuous growth and forms okazaki fragments
DNA ligase- puts the okazaki fragments together.
DNA polymerase 1 -removes primers and fills the spaces with nucleotides.
HORMMONES
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates the production of sperm, promotes the
development of of follicles in the ovaries
LH- luteinizing hormone- stimulates ovulation, stimulates interstitial cells to produce
testosterone.
Isomer- two molecules with the same molecular formula but different molecular structure.
● this gives chemicals different properties.
● E.g glucose and fructose.
Isotope- an element on the periodic table that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons. e.g carbon 12, carbon 13, and carbon 14 are isotopes of
carbon.
Hydrogen bond- occurs between 2 polar molecules
- weak as a single bond but many are very strong.
- Gives water its special properties.
Osmosis- the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration until equilibrium is reached.
- high [ ] of water = low solute [ ]
- Low water [ ] of water = high solute [ ]
Enzyme- a catalyst that helps speed up reactions
Substrate- a molecule that an enzyme reacts with
Active site- part of an enzyme that directly binds to a substrate and carries a reaction
DNA REPLICATION
DNA gyrase- untangles any knots or twists in the dna
DNA helicase- splits the dna in half
DNA primase- an enzyme that provides a primer for copying dna
BINDING PROTEINS- sticks to the unwinding section to prevent the two strands from joining
back together.
DNA POLYMERASE 1- AN ENZYME THAT ADDS NEW NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEOTIDES.
LEADING/LAGGING STRAND- leading strand- only needs 1 primer, grows in the direction of
unwinding, has continuous growth. Lagging Strand- grows in opposite direction of unwinding,
needs more than one primer, has discontinuous growth and forms okazaki fragments
DNA ligase- puts the okazaki fragments together.
DNA polymerase 1 -removes primers and fills the spaces with nucleotides.
HORMMONES
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone- stimulates the production of sperm, promotes the
development of of follicles in the ovaries
LH- luteinizing hormone- stimulates ovulation, stimulates interstitial cells to produce
testosterone.
