OPH samenvatting Comprehensive Questions and Answers 2022

OPH samenvatting Comprehensive Questions and Answers 2022 what it cancer survivorship any person diagnosed with cancer, from the time of initial diagnosis until his or her death what is the aim of the dutch comprehensive cancer center (IKL) knowledge and quality institute institute for professionals in oncological care in the Netherlands and to make sure all patients ave access to optimal oncological care in all phases of the disease what are the three sectors of the IKNL (integraal kankercentrum nederland) 1. knowledge and quality: oncoline, pallialine, guideline development 2. networks: spread oncological expertis, support regional and national collaboration, advice to health professionals 3. registration and restaurant: support clinical research, quality of care, Netherlands cancer registry what is the cancer control continuum Various stages of cancer: - prevention - early detection - diagnosis - treatment - survivorship - end-of-life care what is public health the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals why is oncology a public health concern oncology is a public health concers because: - there is an increasing number of cancer cases - there is an increasing number of cancer survivors - there are survivorship problems (physical and psychosocial problems) - increasing health care costs (cancer is the most expensive disease) what is cancer cancer is a large group of diseases characterized by abonormal cells which grow without control, invade local tissue, spread to distant locations. how does cancer arise dna replication process is complex and vulnerable to damage of toxins and introduction of errors. The mistakes can be repaired or the cells undergo apoptosis, however, some survive with a abnormal change in their DNA (mutation in proto-oncogenen or tumor suppressor genes) what are the hallmarks of cancer 1. self sufficiency in growth signals 2. insensitivity to anti-growth signals 3. evading apoptosis 4. limitless replicative potential 5. sustained angiogenesis 6. tissue invasion and metastasis 7. exploit abnormal metabolic pathways allowing them to survive 8. creating an immunosuppressive environment 9. new mutations 10. show tumor promoting inflammation what are the 5 types of cancer and their cellular origin 1. carcinoma: arise from tissues that line or cover internal organs, the thoracic and abnormal cavity 2. sarcoma: originates in bone and soft tissues (cartilage, fat, muscle, blood, vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue) 3. melanoma: pigment cells (melanocytes) in the skin 4. leukemia: blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow 5. lymphoma and myeloma: cells of the immune system (6. glioma: develop form connective tissue cells of the central nervous system --> glial cells) what are the main causes of cancer - smoking and tobacco: carcinogens directly delivered to tissues, causes inflammation and irritation (more cell replication), interferes with the body's natural protective barriers (carcinogensmore toxic) - unprotective exposure to sun, uv-rays: more risk for melanoma, UV rays causes genetic mutatinos, interferes with cutaneous immune system what are risk factors for cancer 1. Genetics 2. Age 3. chemicals, mutagens, carcinogens 4. radiation, UV damage to DNA 5. Infection what are life style risk factors for cancer - lack of exercise (physical activity stimulates immune system, angiogenesis and hormonal function, needed to fight cancer) - obesity (carcinogens are the higher hormale levels (oestrogen, insulin) - diet (high in fat and low in fruit and veggs) - alcohol what are environmental risk factors for cancer - second hand smoke - air pollution - industrial pollution - chemical exposures what are infection risk factors for cancer - Humaan Papilloma Virus (cervical cancer) - Epstein Barr Virus (Burkitt, Hodgkin) - Hepatitis B en C virus (liver) what are the inherited risks of cancer 5% of cancer are inherited. Gene mutations are linked to some inherited cancer (colon, lynch, breast, brca, ovarian) How does a tumor develop? It develops when cells in the body divide and grow at an excessive rate. Typically, the body is able to balance cell growth and division. When old or damaged cells die, they are automatically replaced with new, healthy cells. In the case of tumors, dead cells remain and form a growth known as a tumor.