TAMU BIOL 112 Final Review Questions
100% Well Answered.
What are Cetaceans? - Answer Whales and porpoises
(Some whale ancestors were land-dwellers)
What are Lagomorphs? - Answer Bunnies and hares
What are derived characters of Homo sapiens? - Answer upright posture
bipedal locomotion
larger brains (complicated speech, reasoning, and understanding)
fire (cooking and defending)
tool usage
reduced jaw bones/muscles
shorter digestive tract
Order of human traits - Answer 1. bipedalism
2. opposable thumbs
3. widening of hips
4. larger brains
5. greater tool usages and fire
When did the prefrontal cortex evolve? - Answer in the last 2 million years
How long have humans in their current form been around? - Answer 200,000 - 300,000 years
Fundamental components of science - Answer 1. Without data, one if just a loudmouth with
an opinion
2. One time does not a pattern make
3. One must let their peers review their scientific analysis and finding
***Most inclusive to least inclusive - Answer 1. Primates
2. Arthropods
3. Apes
4. Hominids
,5. Homo
6. Sapiens
Transition to land dates - Answer •1.2 BYA - Primitive cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists
•500-470 MYA - small plants and fungi
•440-410 MYA - first animals
•385 MYA - tall plants
•375 MYA - TIKTAALIK (first vertebrate tetrapod)
•350 MYA - first amniotes
•210 MYA - first reptiles
What is the driving force of movement of solutes and water in the kidney? - Answer
Concentration gradient
Osmolarity - Answer the solute concentration of a solution
determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Isosmotic - Answer water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions
Hyper - Answer over/above
Hypo - Answer under/below
Which way does water move? - Answer hypo to hyper
(from low solute concentration to high solute concentration)
Osmoconformers - Answer live in isosmotic environments (fresh water fish)
do not regulate osmolarity
intake water and salt through gills
excrete salt and a lot of water through kidney
Osmoregulators - Answer use energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper/hypo
environments (marine fish)
excrete water and salt through gills
excrete salt and little water through urine
, Transport epithelia - Answer epithelial cells that move solutes in specific directions (transport
proteins - channels, carriers, pumps)
Anhydrobiosis - Answer can live in habitats with no water
-water bears (tardigrade)
-mosses
What are the two major categories for nitrogenous waste in urine? - Answer proteins -->
amino acids
nucleic acids --> nitrogenous bases
Homeostasis - Answer maintaining a stable internal environment
Order of kidney functions - Answer 1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion
Nephron fun facts - Answer -anythiing small enough to be filtered will be
-ascending loop of henle in impermeable to water
-blood vessels are trapped all over the nephrons
How does the ascending loop of henle aid in absorbing water? - Answer pumpes salt into the
kidney to make water follow the salt (hypo to hyper)
Caffeine - Answer -osmotic diuretic
-is filtered but can not be reabsorbed
-stays in the nephron and takes water with it
-more caffeine = more pee, less hydration
What does ADH affect? - Answer the distal tube and the collecting duct (4 and 5)
How does the hypothalamus play a part in the osmoregulatory system? - Answer -is has
osmoreceptor cells
-monitors blood osmolarity and regulates the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
100% Well Answered.
What are Cetaceans? - Answer Whales and porpoises
(Some whale ancestors were land-dwellers)
What are Lagomorphs? - Answer Bunnies and hares
What are derived characters of Homo sapiens? - Answer upright posture
bipedal locomotion
larger brains (complicated speech, reasoning, and understanding)
fire (cooking and defending)
tool usage
reduced jaw bones/muscles
shorter digestive tract
Order of human traits - Answer 1. bipedalism
2. opposable thumbs
3. widening of hips
4. larger brains
5. greater tool usages and fire
When did the prefrontal cortex evolve? - Answer in the last 2 million years
How long have humans in their current form been around? - Answer 200,000 - 300,000 years
Fundamental components of science - Answer 1. Without data, one if just a loudmouth with
an opinion
2. One time does not a pattern make
3. One must let their peers review their scientific analysis and finding
***Most inclusive to least inclusive - Answer 1. Primates
2. Arthropods
3. Apes
4. Hominids
,5. Homo
6. Sapiens
Transition to land dates - Answer •1.2 BYA - Primitive cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists
•500-470 MYA - small plants and fungi
•440-410 MYA - first animals
•385 MYA - tall plants
•375 MYA - TIKTAALIK (first vertebrate tetrapod)
•350 MYA - first amniotes
•210 MYA - first reptiles
What is the driving force of movement of solutes and water in the kidney? - Answer
Concentration gradient
Osmolarity - Answer the solute concentration of a solution
determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Isosmotic - Answer water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions
Hyper - Answer over/above
Hypo - Answer under/below
Which way does water move? - Answer hypo to hyper
(from low solute concentration to high solute concentration)
Osmoconformers - Answer live in isosmotic environments (fresh water fish)
do not regulate osmolarity
intake water and salt through gills
excrete salt and a lot of water through kidney
Osmoregulators - Answer use energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper/hypo
environments (marine fish)
excrete water and salt through gills
excrete salt and little water through urine
, Transport epithelia - Answer epithelial cells that move solutes in specific directions (transport
proteins - channels, carriers, pumps)
Anhydrobiosis - Answer can live in habitats with no water
-water bears (tardigrade)
-mosses
What are the two major categories for nitrogenous waste in urine? - Answer proteins -->
amino acids
nucleic acids --> nitrogenous bases
Homeostasis - Answer maintaining a stable internal environment
Order of kidney functions - Answer 1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion
Nephron fun facts - Answer -anythiing small enough to be filtered will be
-ascending loop of henle in impermeable to water
-blood vessels are trapped all over the nephrons
How does the ascending loop of henle aid in absorbing water? - Answer pumpes salt into the
kidney to make water follow the salt (hypo to hyper)
Caffeine - Answer -osmotic diuretic
-is filtered but can not be reabsorbed
-stays in the nephron and takes water with it
-more caffeine = more pee, less hydration
What does ADH affect? - Answer the distal tube and the collecting duct (4 and 5)
How does the hypothalamus play a part in the osmoregulatory system? - Answer -is has
osmoreceptor cells
-monitors blood osmolarity and regulates the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
