, SIXTH EDITION
Chemistry
The Science in Context
Thomas R. Gilbert
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
Rein V. Kirss
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
Stacey Lowery Bretz
MIAMI UNIVERSITY
Natalie Foster
L E H I G H U N I V E R S I T Y ( E M E R I TA )
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 1 11/15/19 10:23 AM
, W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary
D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York
City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics
from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and col-
lege texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees,
and today—with a staff of five hundred and hundreds of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—
W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2020, 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009, 2004 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in Canada
Editor: Erik Fahlgren
Senior Associate Managing Editor, College: Carla Talmadge
Developmental Editor: John Murdzek
Associate Director of Production: Benjamin Reynolds
Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson
Media Editor: Cailin Barrett-Bressack
Associate Media Editor: Grace Tuttle
Media Project Editor: Jesse Newkirk
Media Editorial Assistant: Sarah McGinnis
Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi
Ebook Production Manager: Danielle Vargas
Marketing Manager, Chemistry: Stacy Loyal
Design Director: Jillian Burr
Designer: Lisa Buckley
Director of College Permissions: Megan Schindel
College Permissions Assistant: Patricia Wong
Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo
Composition: GraphicWorld/Gary Clark, Project Manager
Illustration Studio: Imagineeringart.com/Alicia Elliott, Project Manager
Manufacturing: Transcontinental—Beauceville, QC
Permission to use copyrighted material is included at the back of the book.
ISBN: 978-0-393-67403-3
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1234567890
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 2 11/15/19 10:23 AM
, Brief Contents
1 Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science 2
2 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: Matter Starts Here 46
3 Stoichiometry: Mass, Formulas, and Reactions 86
4 Reactions in Solution: Aqueous Chemistry in Nature 148
5 Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe 212
6 Thermochemistry: Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 270
7 A Quantum Model of Atoms: Waves, Particles, and Periodic Properties 334
8 Chemical Bonds: What Makes a Gas a Greenhouse Gas? 392
9 Molecular Geometry: Shape Determines Function 444
10 Intermolecular Forces: The Uniqueness of Water 506
11 Solutions: Properties and Behavior 548
12 Solids: Crystals, Alloys, and Polymers 600
13 Chemical Kinetics: Reactions in the Atmosphere 648
14 Chemical Equilibrium: How Much Product Does a Reaction Really Make? 708
15 Acid–Base Equilibria: Proton Transfer in Biological Systems 754
16 Additional Aqueous Equilibria: Chemistry and the Oceans 802
17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes 850
18 Electrochemistry: The Quest for Clean Energy 898
19 Nuclear Chemistry: Applications in Science and Medicine 946
20 Organic and Biological Molecules: The Compounds of Life 986
21 The Main Group Elements: Life and the Periodic Table 1044
22 Transition Metals: Biological and Medical Applications 1082
iii
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 3 11/15/19 10:23 AM
Chemistry
The Science in Context
Thomas R. Gilbert
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
Rein V. Kirss
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
Stacey Lowery Bretz
MIAMI UNIVERSITY
Natalie Foster
L E H I G H U N I V E R S I T Y ( E M E R I TA )
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 1 11/15/19 10:23 AM
, W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary
D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York
City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics
from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and col-
lege texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees,
and today—with a staff of five hundred and hundreds of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—
W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2020, 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009, 2004 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in Canada
Editor: Erik Fahlgren
Senior Associate Managing Editor, College: Carla Talmadge
Developmental Editor: John Murdzek
Associate Director of Production: Benjamin Reynolds
Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson
Media Editor: Cailin Barrett-Bressack
Associate Media Editor: Grace Tuttle
Media Project Editor: Jesse Newkirk
Media Editorial Assistant: Sarah McGinnis
Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi
Ebook Production Manager: Danielle Vargas
Marketing Manager, Chemistry: Stacy Loyal
Design Director: Jillian Burr
Designer: Lisa Buckley
Director of College Permissions: Megan Schindel
College Permissions Assistant: Patricia Wong
Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo
Composition: GraphicWorld/Gary Clark, Project Manager
Illustration Studio: Imagineeringart.com/Alicia Elliott, Project Manager
Manufacturing: Transcontinental—Beauceville, QC
Permission to use copyrighted material is included at the back of the book.
ISBN: 978-0-393-67403-3
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1234567890
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 2 11/15/19 10:23 AM
, Brief Contents
1 Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science 2
2 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: Matter Starts Here 46
3 Stoichiometry: Mass, Formulas, and Reactions 86
4 Reactions in Solution: Aqueous Chemistry in Nature 148
5 Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe 212
6 Thermochemistry: Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 270
7 A Quantum Model of Atoms: Waves, Particles, and Periodic Properties 334
8 Chemical Bonds: What Makes a Gas a Greenhouse Gas? 392
9 Molecular Geometry: Shape Determines Function 444
10 Intermolecular Forces: The Uniqueness of Water 506
11 Solutions: Properties and Behavior 548
12 Solids: Crystals, Alloys, and Polymers 600
13 Chemical Kinetics: Reactions in the Atmosphere 648
14 Chemical Equilibrium: How Much Product Does a Reaction Really Make? 708
15 Acid–Base Equilibria: Proton Transfer in Biological Systems 754
16 Additional Aqueous Equilibria: Chemistry and the Oceans 802
17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes 850
18 Electrochemistry: The Quest for Clean Energy 898
19 Nuclear Chemistry: Applications in Science and Medicine 946
20 Organic and Biological Molecules: The Compounds of Life 986
21 The Main Group Elements: Life and the Periodic Table 1044
22 Transition Metals: Biological and Medical Applications 1082
iii
chem6_69730_fm_a-b,i_xxxii,1.indd 3 11/15/19 10:23 AM
