PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ALL ACTUAL ANSWERS 2026
UPDATED.
does this class suck? - Answer yes
anatomy - Answer structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - Answer thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - Answer what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy - Answer requires magnification
cytology - Answer study of cells
histology - Answer study of tissue
physiology - Answer function
the structure of capillary walls, - Answer promotes nutrient and waste exchange
inferior-superior - Answer below- above
rostral- caudal - Answer front- back
anterior - posterior - Answer front- back
ventral- dorsal - Answer front-back
medial -lateral - Answer towards middle- away from middle
,proximal- distal - Answer nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of
attachment
superficial -deep - Answer toward and away from the body surface
coronal - Answer divides into front and back
transverse - Answer divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - Answer divides into left and right
homeostasis - Answer the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
even though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - Answer monitor the internal environment and correct as
needed
cellular level - Answer local control
organ and organism - Answer reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - Answer input (input signal)->controller (integrating
center)-> output (output signal)
the integrators - Answer control centers
integrators - Answer possess a set point
set points - Answer can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization
regulates environmental temperature
full response loop - Answer stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output ->target
-> response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - Answer antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - Answer increase heart rate
,parasympathetic nerves - Answer decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - Answer 2 primary hormones
insulin - Answer lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - Answer raises blood glucose levels
feedback - Answer process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to its
input in order to regulate its further output
open loop control system - Answer control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - Answer control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
negative feedback loops - Answer A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by
returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT
OFF ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - Answer body temp rises ->body sweats more ->body
temp drops
most common type of feedback loop? - Answer negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - Answer yes
positive feedback loop - Answer Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
, example of positive feedback - Answer lactation, childbirth, orgasm
produce more instability in the body
does positive feedback self terminate? - Answer not really
is blood clotting positive feedback? - Answer yes
plasma membrane structure - Answer hydrophilic head group
hydrophobic side chain
phospholipid bilayer
plasma membrane function - Answer physical barrier
Gateway for exchange
Communication
Site of attachment to other cells, extracellular proteins, intracellular proteins
membrane transport - Answer movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane
Water, gases, ions, sugar, proteins, RNA, hormones
2 types of transport - Answer passive and active
passive - Answer no energy required
spontaneous movement
high->low
active - Answer energy is required
AND ALL ACTUAL ANSWERS 2026
UPDATED.
does this class suck? - Answer yes
anatomy - Answer structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - Answer thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - Answer what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy - Answer requires magnification
cytology - Answer study of cells
histology - Answer study of tissue
physiology - Answer function
the structure of capillary walls, - Answer promotes nutrient and waste exchange
inferior-superior - Answer below- above
rostral- caudal - Answer front- back
anterior - posterior - Answer front- back
ventral- dorsal - Answer front-back
medial -lateral - Answer towards middle- away from middle
,proximal- distal - Answer nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of
attachment
superficial -deep - Answer toward and away from the body surface
coronal - Answer divides into front and back
transverse - Answer divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - Answer divides into left and right
homeostasis - Answer the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
even though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - Answer monitor the internal environment and correct as
needed
cellular level - Answer local control
organ and organism - Answer reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - Answer input (input signal)->controller (integrating
center)-> output (output signal)
the integrators - Answer control centers
integrators - Answer possess a set point
set points - Answer can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization
regulates environmental temperature
full response loop - Answer stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output ->target
-> response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - Answer antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - Answer increase heart rate
,parasympathetic nerves - Answer decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - Answer 2 primary hormones
insulin - Answer lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - Answer raises blood glucose levels
feedback - Answer process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to its
input in order to regulate its further output
open loop control system - Answer control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - Answer control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
negative feedback loops - Answer A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by
returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT
OFF ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - Answer body temp rises ->body sweats more ->body
temp drops
most common type of feedback loop? - Answer negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - Answer yes
positive feedback loop - Answer Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
, example of positive feedback - Answer lactation, childbirth, orgasm
produce more instability in the body
does positive feedback self terminate? - Answer not really
is blood clotting positive feedback? - Answer yes
plasma membrane structure - Answer hydrophilic head group
hydrophobic side chain
phospholipid bilayer
plasma membrane function - Answer physical barrier
Gateway for exchange
Communication
Site of attachment to other cells, extracellular proteins, intracellular proteins
membrane transport - Answer movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane
Water, gases, ions, sugar, proteins, RNA, hormones
2 types of transport - Answer passive and active
passive - Answer no energy required
spontaneous movement
high->low
active - Answer energy is required
