Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice
4th Edition by Susan K. Grove, All Chapters|Latest 2026.
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
TheVquestionsVareVinVboldVfollowedVbyVanswers.
1. InVTableV1,VidentifyVtheVlevelVofVmeasurementVforVtheVcurrentVtherapyVvariable.VPr
ovideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VTheVcurrentVtherapyVvariableVwasVmeasuredVatVtheVnominalVlevel.VTheseVdrugVc
ategoriesVwereVprobablyVdevelopedVtoVbeVexhaustiveVforVthisVstudyVandVincludedVtheVcate
goriesVofVdrugsVtheVsubjectsVwereVreceiving.VHowever,VtheVcategoriesVareVnotVexclusive,V
sinceVpatientsVareVusuallyVonVmoreVthanVoneVcategoryVofVtheseVdrugsVtoVmanageVtheirVh
ealthVproblems.VTheVcurrentVtherapiesVareVnotVmeasuredVatVtheVordinalVlevelVbecauseVthey
VcannotVbeVrankVordered,VsinceVnoVdrugVcategoryVcanVbeVconsideredVmoreVorVlessVbenefi
cialVthanVanotherVdrugVcategoryV(seeVFigureV1-1;VGroveV&VGray,V2019).
2. WhatVisVtheVmodeVforVtheVcurrentVtherapyVvariableVinVthisVstudy?VProvideVaVratio
naleVforV yourVanswer.
Answer:VTheVmodeVforVcurrentVtherapyVwasVβVblocker.VAVtotalVofV100V(94%)VofVtheVcardiacVpatie
nts
wereV receivingV thisV categoryV ofV drug,V whichV wasV theV mostV commonV prescribedV drugV forV t
hisVsample.
3. WhatVstatisticsVwereVconductedVtoVdescribeVtheVBMIVofVtheVcardiacVpatientsVinVthis
Vsample?V DiscussVwhetherVtheseVanalysisVtechniquesVwereVappropriateVorVinappropri
ate.
Answer:VBMIVwasVdescribedVwithVaVmeanVandVstandardVdeviationV(SD).VBMIVmeasurement
VresultedVinVratio-
levelVdataVwithVcontinuousVvaluesVandVanVabsoluteVzeroV(StoneV&VFrazier,V2017).VRatio-
Vlevel VdataVshouldVbeVanalyzedVwithVparametricVstatistics VsuchVasVtheVmeanVandVSDV(Gro
veV&VGray,V2017;VKnapp,V2017).
4. ResearchersVusedVtheVfollowingVitemVtoVmeasureVregisteredVnurses’V(RNs)VincomeVinVaV
study:V WhatVcategoryVidentifiesVyourVcurrentVincomeVasVanVRN?
a. LessVthanV$50,000
b. $50,000VtoV59,999
c. $60,000VtoV69,999
d. $70,000VtoV80,000
e. $80,000VorVgreater
WhatVlevelVofVmeasurementVisVthisVincomeVvariable?VDoesVtheVincomeVvariableVfollo
wVtheVrulesVoutlinedVinVFigureV1-1?VProvideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VInVthisVexample,VtheVincomeVvariableVisVmeasuredVatVtheVordinalVlevel.VTheVincomeV
catego-
VriesV areV exhaustive,V rangingV fromV lessV thanV $50,000V toV greaterV thanV $80,000.V TheV twoV op
en-ended
,AGV1-2 AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
categoriesVensureVthatVallVsalaryVlevelsVareVcovered.VTheVcategoriesVareVnotVexclusive,Vsinc
eVcatego-
VriesV(d)VandV(e)VincludeVanV$80,000Vsalary,VsoVstudyVparticipantsVmakingV$80,000Vmigh
tVmarkVeitherV(d)VorV(e)VorVbothVcategories,VresultingVinVerroneousVdata.VCategoryV(e)Vc
ouldVbeVchangedV toVgreaterVthanV$80,000,VmakingVtheVcategoriesVexclusive.VTheVcategor
iesVcanVbeVrankVorderedVfromVtheVlowestVsalaryVtoVtheVhighestVsalary,VwhichVisVconsiste
ntVwithVordinalVdataV(GroveV&VGray,V2019;VWaltzVetVal.,V2017).
5. WhatVlevelVofVmeasurementVisVtheVCDSVscore?VProvideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VTheVCDSVscoreVisVatVtheVintervalVlevelVofVmeasurement.VTheVCDSVisVaV26-
itemVLikertVscaleVdevelopedVtoVmeasureVdepressionVinVcardiacVpatients.VStudyVparticipant
sVratedVtheirVsymp-
VtomsVonVaVscaleVofV1VtoV7,VwithVhigherVnumbersVindicatingVincreasedVseverityVinVtheV
depressionVsymptoms.VTheVtotalVscoresVforVeachVsubjectVobtainedVfromVthisVmulti-
itemVscaleVareVconsideredVtoVbeVatVtheVintervalVlevelVofVmeasurementV(GrayVetVal.,V2017
;VWaltzVetVal.,V2017).
5.V WereVnonparametricVorVparametricVanalysisVtechniquesVusedVtoVanalyzeVtheVCDSVsc
oresVforVtheVcardiacVpatientsVinVthisVstudy?VProvideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VParametricVstatistics,VsuchVasVmeanVandVSD,VwereVconductedVtoVdescribeVCDSV
scoresV forVstudyVparticipantsV(seeVTableV1).VCDSVscoresVareVinterval-
levelVdataVasVindicatedVinVQuestionsV5,VsoVparametricVstatisticsVareVappropriateVforVthisVle
velVofVdataV(GrayVetVal.,V2017;VKimV&VMallory,V2017).
7.V IsVtheVprevalenceVofVdepressionVlinkedVtoVtheVNYHAVclass?VDiscussVtheVclinicalVim
portanceVofVthisVresult.
Answer:VTheVstudyVnarrativeVindicatedVthatVtheVprevalenceVofVdepressionVincreasedVwithV
theVgreaterVNYHAVclass.VInVNYHAVclassVIII,V64%VofVtheVsubjectsVwereVdepressed,Vwhere
asV11%VofVtheVsubjectsVwereVdepressedVinVNYHAVclassVI.VThus,VasVtheVNYHAVclassVincr
eased,VtheVnumberVofVsub-
VjectsVwithVdepressionVincreased.VThisVisVanVexpectedVfindingVbecauseVasVtheVNYHAVclass
Vincreases,VcardiacVpatientsVhaveVmoreVsevereVphysicalVsymptoms,VwhichVusuallyVresultVin
VemotionalVdistress,VsuchVasVdepression.VNursesVneedVtoVactivelyVassessVcardiacVpatientsVfor
Vdepression,VespeciallyVthoseV inVhigherVNYHAVclasses,VsoVtheyVmightVbeVdiagnosedVandV
treatedVasVneeded.
8.V WhatVfrequencyVandVpercentVofVcardiacVpatientsVinVthisVstudyVwereVnotVbeingVtrea
tedVwithVanVantidepressant?VShowVyourVcalculationsVandVroundVyourVanswerVtoVthe
VnearestVwholeVpercentV(%).
Answer:V AV totalV ofV 106V cardiacV patientsV participatedV inV thisV study.V TheV sampleV inc
ludedV 15V patientsV whoV wereV receivingV anV antidepressantV (seeV TableV 1).V TheV numb
erV ofV cardiacVpatientsV notV treatedV forV depressionV wasV 91V (106V –
V 15V =V91).V TheV groupV percentV isV calculatedVbyV theV followingV formula:V (groupV frequ
encyV ÷VtotalV sampleV size)V ×V100%.V ForV thisV study,V(91V patientsV ÷V106V sampleV siz
e)V ×V100%V =V0.858V ×V100%V =V85.8%V =V86%.V TheV finalVanswerV isV roundedV toV t
heV nearestV wholeV percentV asV directedV inV theV question.V YouV couldV haveValsoVsubtracte
dVtheV14%VofVpatientsVtreatedVwithVantidepressantsVfromV100%VandVobtainedVtheV86%V
whoVwereVnotVtreatedVwithVanVantidepressant.
t.V WhatVwasVtheVpurposeVofVtheV5-
minuteVwalkVtestV(5MWT)?VWouldVtheV5MWTVbeVusefulVinVclinicalVpractice?
Answer:VHaVetVal.V(2018)Vstated,V“TheV6-
minVwalkVtestV(6MWT)VisVaVmeasureVofVtheVsubmaximal,Vsteady-
stateVfunctionalVcapacity”VofVcardiacVpatients.VThisVtestVwouldVbeVaVquick,VeasyVwayVto
VdetermineV aV cardiacV patient’sV functionalV statusV inV aV clinicalV setting.V ThisV functional
V statusVscoreV couldV beV usedV toV determineV theV treatmentV planV toV promoteV orV maintain
, V functionalV statusVofVcardiacVpatients.
Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice
4th Edition by Susan K. Grove, All Chapters|Latest 2026.
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
TheVquestionsVareVinVboldVfollowedVbyVanswers.
1. InVTableV1,VidentifyVtheVlevelVofVmeasurementVforVtheVcurrentVtherapyVvariable.VPr
ovideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VTheVcurrentVtherapyVvariableVwasVmeasuredVatVtheVnominalVlevel.VTheseVdrugVc
ategoriesVwereVprobablyVdevelopedVtoVbeVexhaustiveVforVthisVstudyVandVincludedVtheVcate
goriesVofVdrugsVtheVsubjectsVwereVreceiving.VHowever,VtheVcategoriesVareVnotVexclusive,V
sinceVpatientsVareVusuallyVonVmoreVthanVoneVcategoryVofVtheseVdrugsVtoVmanageVtheirVh
ealthVproblems.VTheVcurrentVtherapiesVareVnotVmeasuredVatVtheVordinalVlevelVbecauseVthey
VcannotVbeVrankVordered,VsinceVnoVdrugVcategoryVcanVbeVconsideredVmoreVorVlessVbenefi
cialVthanVanotherVdrugVcategoryV(seeVFigureV1-1;VGroveV&VGray,V2019).
2. WhatVisVtheVmodeVforVtheVcurrentVtherapyVvariableVinVthisVstudy?VProvideVaVratio
naleVforV yourVanswer.
Answer:VTheVmodeVforVcurrentVtherapyVwasVβVblocker.VAVtotalVofV100V(94%)VofVtheVcardiacVpatie
nts
wereV receivingV thisV categoryV ofV drug,V whichV wasV theV mostV commonV prescribedV drugV forV t
hisVsample.
3. WhatVstatisticsVwereVconductedVtoVdescribeVtheVBMIVofVtheVcardiacVpatientsVinVthis
Vsample?V DiscussVwhetherVtheseVanalysisVtechniquesVwereVappropriateVorVinappropri
ate.
Answer:VBMIVwasVdescribedVwithVaVmeanVandVstandardVdeviationV(SD).VBMIVmeasurement
VresultedVinVratio-
levelVdataVwithVcontinuousVvaluesVandVanVabsoluteVzeroV(StoneV&VFrazier,V2017).VRatio-
Vlevel VdataVshouldVbeVanalyzedVwithVparametricVstatistics VsuchVasVtheVmeanVandVSDV(Gro
veV&VGray,V2017;VKnapp,V2017).
4. ResearchersVusedVtheVfollowingVitemVtoVmeasureVregisteredVnurses’V(RNs)VincomeVinVaV
study:V WhatVcategoryVidentifiesVyourVcurrentVincomeVasVanVRN?
a. LessVthanV$50,000
b. $50,000VtoV59,999
c. $60,000VtoV69,999
d. $70,000VtoV80,000
e. $80,000VorVgreater
WhatVlevelVofVmeasurementVisVthisVincomeVvariable?VDoesVtheVincomeVvariableVfollo
wVtheVrulesVoutlinedVinVFigureV1-1?VProvideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VInVthisVexample,VtheVincomeVvariableVisVmeasuredVatVtheVordinalVlevel.VTheVincomeV
catego-
VriesV areV exhaustive,V rangingV fromV lessV thanV $50,000V toV greaterV thanV $80,000.V TheV twoV op
en-ended
,AGV1-2 AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
categoriesVensureVthatVallVsalaryVlevelsVareVcovered.VTheVcategoriesVareVnotVexclusive,Vsinc
eVcatego-
VriesV(d)VandV(e)VincludeVanV$80,000Vsalary,VsoVstudyVparticipantsVmakingV$80,000Vmigh
tVmarkVeitherV(d)VorV(e)VorVbothVcategories,VresultingVinVerroneousVdata.VCategoryV(e)Vc
ouldVbeVchangedV toVgreaterVthanV$80,000,VmakingVtheVcategoriesVexclusive.VTheVcategor
iesVcanVbeVrankVorderedVfromVtheVlowestVsalaryVtoVtheVhighestVsalary,VwhichVisVconsiste
ntVwithVordinalVdataV(GroveV&VGray,V2019;VWaltzVetVal.,V2017).
5. WhatVlevelVofVmeasurementVisVtheVCDSVscore?VProvideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VTheVCDSVscoreVisVatVtheVintervalVlevelVofVmeasurement.VTheVCDSVisVaV26-
itemVLikertVscaleVdevelopedVtoVmeasureVdepressionVinVcardiacVpatients.VStudyVparticipant
sVratedVtheirVsymp-
VtomsVonVaVscaleVofV1VtoV7,VwithVhigherVnumbersVindicatingVincreasedVseverityVinVtheV
depressionVsymptoms.VTheVtotalVscoresVforVeachVsubjectVobtainedVfromVthisVmulti-
itemVscaleVareVconsideredVtoVbeVatVtheVintervalVlevelVofVmeasurementV(GrayVetVal.,V2017
;VWaltzVetVal.,V2017).
5.V WereVnonparametricVorVparametricVanalysisVtechniquesVusedVtoVanalyzeVtheVCDSVsc
oresVforVtheVcardiacVpatientsVinVthisVstudy?VProvideVaVrationaleVforVyourVanswer.
Answer:VParametricVstatistics,VsuchVasVmeanVandVSD,VwereVconductedVtoVdescribeVCDSV
scoresV forVstudyVparticipantsV(seeVTableV1).VCDSVscoresVareVinterval-
levelVdataVasVindicatedVinVQuestionsV5,VsoVparametricVstatisticsVareVappropriateVforVthisVle
velVofVdataV(GrayVetVal.,V2017;VKimV&VMallory,V2017).
7.V IsVtheVprevalenceVofVdepressionVlinkedVtoVtheVNYHAVclass?VDiscussVtheVclinicalVim
portanceVofVthisVresult.
Answer:VTheVstudyVnarrativeVindicatedVthatVtheVprevalenceVofVdepressionVincreasedVwithV
theVgreaterVNYHAVclass.VInVNYHAVclassVIII,V64%VofVtheVsubjectsVwereVdepressed,Vwhere
asV11%VofVtheVsubjectsVwereVdepressedVinVNYHAVclassVI.VThus,VasVtheVNYHAVclassVincr
eased,VtheVnumberVofVsub-
VjectsVwithVdepressionVincreased.VThisVisVanVexpectedVfindingVbecauseVasVtheVNYHAVclass
Vincreases,VcardiacVpatientsVhaveVmoreVsevereVphysicalVsymptoms,VwhichVusuallyVresultVin
VemotionalVdistress,VsuchVasVdepression.VNursesVneedVtoVactivelyVassessVcardiacVpatientsVfor
Vdepression,VespeciallyVthoseV inVhigherVNYHAVclasses,VsoVtheyVmightVbeVdiagnosedVandV
treatedVasVneeded.
8.V WhatVfrequencyVandVpercentVofVcardiacVpatientsVinVthisVstudyVwereVnotVbeingVtrea
tedVwithVanVantidepressant?VShowVyourVcalculationsVandVroundVyourVanswerVtoVthe
VnearestVwholeVpercentV(%).
Answer:V AV totalV ofV 106V cardiacV patientsV participatedV inV thisV study.V TheV sampleV inc
ludedV 15V patientsV whoV wereV receivingV anV antidepressantV (seeV TableV 1).V TheV numb
erV ofV cardiacVpatientsV notV treatedV forV depressionV wasV 91V (106V –
V 15V =V91).V TheV groupV percentV isV calculatedVbyV theV followingV formula:V (groupV frequ
encyV ÷VtotalV sampleV size)V ×V100%.V ForV thisV study,V(91V patientsV ÷V106V sampleV siz
e)V ×V100%V =V0.858V ×V100%V =V85.8%V =V86%.V TheV finalVanswerV isV roundedV toV t
heV nearestV wholeV percentV asV directedV inV theV question.V YouV couldV haveValsoVsubtracte
dVtheV14%VofVpatientsVtreatedVwithVantidepressantsVfromV100%VandVobtainedVtheV86%V
whoVwereVnotVtreatedVwithVanVantidepressant.
t.V WhatVwasVtheVpurposeVofVtheV5-
minuteVwalkVtestV(5MWT)?VWouldVtheV5MWTVbeVusefulVinVclinicalVpractice?
Answer:VHaVetVal.V(2018)Vstated,V“TheV6-
minVwalkVtestV(6MWT)VisVaVmeasureVofVtheVsubmaximal,Vsteady-
stateVfunctionalVcapacity”VofVcardiacVpatients.VThisVtestVwouldVbeVaVquick,VeasyVwayVto
VdetermineV aV cardiacV patient’sV functionalV statusV inV aV clinicalV setting.V ThisV functional
V statusVscoreV couldV beV usedV toV determineV theV treatmentV planV toV promoteV orV maintain
, V functionalV statusVofVcardiacVpatients.
