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Résumé Fiche de révision MPA — Applications linéaires L1 IG2I

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Fiche de révision complète sur les applications linéaires en L1 IG2I. Couvre les définitions (noyau, image, rang), le théorème du rang, les isomorphismes et les méthodes clés pour montrer l'injectivité/surjectivité.

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Fiche de révision — Applications linéaires L1 IG2I

I. Définitions fondamentales

Application linéaire (morphisme) Soit f : E → F entre deux -espaces vectoriels. f est linéaire si : - ∀x, y ∈ E, f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) -
∀α ∈ , ∀x ∈ E, f(αx) = αf(x)


Critère combiné : f est linéaire ⇔ ∀α, β ∈ , ∀x, y ∈ E, f(αx+βy) = αf(x) + βf(y)


Propriété immédiate : f linéaire ⇒ f(0E) = 0F


Nom Définition

Endomorphisme Application linéaire de E dans E

Forme linéaire Application linéaire de E dans

Isomorphisme Application linéaire bijective de E dans F

Automorphisme Isomorphisme de E dans E




II. Image et Noyau

Noyau
ker (f) = {x ∈ E ∣ f(x) = 0F}

ker (f) est un sous-espace vectoriel de E
f injective ⇔ ker (f) = {0E}


Image
Im(f) = {f(x) ∣ x ∈ E}

Im(f) est un sous-espace vectoriel de F
f surjective ⇔ Im(f) = F


Méthode — trouver ker (f) : Résoudre f(x) = 0F, i.e. mettre en système et décrire l’ensemble solution.
Ex : f(x,y) = x + y ⇒ ker (f) = {(x,y) ∣ x + y = 0}




III. L’espace ℒ(E,F)

La somme et le produit scalaire de deux applications linéaires sont linéaires → ℒ(E,F) est un sous-espace vectoriel de
ℱ(E,F)
La composée de deux applications linéaires est linéaire
La réciproque d’un isomorphisme est un isomorphisme




IV. Image d’une famille de vecteurs

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