NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives
1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - (ANSWER)- It is the first line of defense, regulates
body temp, immune response
- provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside environment, and the linings of the
internal body organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste products, and secrete
substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances meant to trap of destroy
microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? - (ANSWER)-
Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein - protection from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune response with dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? - (ANSWER)- Fibroblasts -
generate connective tissue, for wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response, wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments and debris of
inflammation
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from antigens? - (ANSWER)- Nails: protective keratinized
plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
,NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives
2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body recognize the antigen? Think about how the immune
response and the cells involved. - (ANSWER)- Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a
carrier protein, forming a hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
- Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and chemokine leading to leukocyte
infiltration and inflammation
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - (ANSWER)- A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infection of the
skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the location.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly patches with a slightly
elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - (ANSWER)- A chronic hereditary skin disease
characterized by intense itching inflamed skin which causes redness swelling cracking crusting and
scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema. Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar tissue formation
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
a) Osteogenic sarcoma -
b) Basal cell carcinoma -
c) Multiple myeloma -
d) Adenocarcinoma - - (ANSWER)a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most often in bone marrow.
b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
, NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives
c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow proliferation of malignant
cells, located in bone marrow
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a glandular patterns,
effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - (ANSWER)- biochemical markers that are
sensitive to specific types of tumors and are used to screen, diagnosed, assess the prognosis and
treatment, and monitor reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood; Prostate Tumors secrete
PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - (ANSWER)- Active processes by which cells self-destruct in normal
and pathological tissues.
This self-destruct mechanism, is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal development and
excessive growth (see Chapter 2).
- Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states including the following: severe cell
injury, accumulation of misfiled proteins, infection (viral mostly) and obstruction in tissue ducts
- Increased apoptosis is known to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic injury (such as
myocardial infarction and stroke), and death of virus-infected cells in many viral infections.
- The pathway to apoptosis is often disabled in advanced cancers.
- Induced by Tumor Suppressor Gene (p 53)
8. What is the pap test for? - (ANSWER)To screen for the HPV virus and for abnormal cervical cells that
can cause cervical CA. Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by infection with specific types of HPV, which
infects basal skin cells and commonly causes warts. There are more than 120 HPV types, but only about
40 can infect human mucosal tissue, and only a few (HPV16, -18, -31, and -45) are associated with the
highest risk for developing cervical, anogenital, and penile cancer.
1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - (ANSWER)- It is the first line of defense, regulates
body temp, immune response
- provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside environment, and the linings of the
internal body organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste products, and secrete
substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances meant to trap of destroy
microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? - (ANSWER)-
Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein - protection from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune response with dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protecting us from antigens? - (ANSWER)- Fibroblasts -
generate connective tissue, for wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response, wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments and debris of
inflammation
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from antigens? - (ANSWER)- Nails: protective keratinized
plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
,NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives
2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body recognize the antigen? Think about how the immune
response and the cells involved. - (ANSWER)- Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a
carrier protein, forming a hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
- Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and chemokine leading to leukocyte
infiltration and inflammation
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - (ANSWER)- A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infection of the
skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the location.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly patches with a slightly
elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - (ANSWER)- A chronic hereditary skin disease
characterized by intense itching inflamed skin which causes redness swelling cracking crusting and
scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema. Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar tissue formation
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
a) Osteogenic sarcoma -
b) Basal cell carcinoma -
c) Multiple myeloma -
d) Adenocarcinoma - - (ANSWER)a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most often in bone marrow.
b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
, NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives
c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow proliferation of malignant
cells, located in bone marrow
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a glandular patterns,
effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - (ANSWER)- biochemical markers that are
sensitive to specific types of tumors and are used to screen, diagnosed, assess the prognosis and
treatment, and monitor reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood; Prostate Tumors secrete
PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - (ANSWER)- Active processes by which cells self-destruct in normal
and pathological tissues.
This self-destruct mechanism, is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal development and
excessive growth (see Chapter 2).
- Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states including the following: severe cell
injury, accumulation of misfiled proteins, infection (viral mostly) and obstruction in tissue ducts
- Increased apoptosis is known to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic injury (such as
myocardial infarction and stroke), and death of virus-infected cells in many viral infections.
- The pathway to apoptosis is often disabled in advanced cancers.
- Induced by Tumor Suppressor Gene (p 53)
8. What is the pap test for? - (ANSWER)To screen for the HPV virus and for abnormal cervical cells that
can cause cervical CA. Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by infection with specific types of HPV, which
infects basal skin cells and commonly causes warts. There are more than 120 HPV types, but only about
40 can infect human mucosal tissue, and only a few (HPV16, -18, -31, and -45) are associated with the
highest risk for developing cervical, anogenital, and penile cancer.
