Solutions Manual
CHAPTER 1
Key Skills Assessment
1. e; 2. c; 3. e; 4. b; 5. e; 6. b; 7. b; 8. c; 9. b; 10. a; 11. d; 12. d; 13. e; 14. c; 15. a
1.2 Matter
1. Describe the differences among solids, liquids, and gases.
Solids have particles that are close to each other and held tightly in position. Solids have a definite shape and volume,
are not easily compressed, and do not flow. Liquids have particles that are close to each other but are mobile. A liquid
forms a surface and takes the shape of the part of the container it occupies. Liquids have a fixed volume and are not
easily compressed. Liquids flow easily. Gases have particles that are separated by relatively large distances compared
with the actual size of the gas particles themselves. Gases move rapidly, expand to fill their containers, and are easily
compressed. Gases flow very easily.
2. How is an amorphous solid different than a crystalline solid?
A crystalline solid has its particles arranged in a highly ordered three-dimensional pattern that exists over a long range.
An amorphous solid has much less long-range order. Substances that form amorphous solids sometimes contain long
chain-like structures that are intertwined.
3. What are the definitions of vibrational, rotational, and translational motions?
Vibrational motion is the stretching and bending of bonds, rotational motion involves rotation around an axis, and
translational motion is movement from one point to another.
4. Describe the basic structure of an atom.
Atoms contain a dense core called the nucleus that is surrounded by clouds of electrons. The nucleus contains
positively charged protons and neutrons that carry no charge. Electrons are negatively charged particles. In an atom,
there is an equal number of protons and electrons so that the atom is electronically neutral.
5. What are allotropes?
Allotropes are different forms of the same element. For example, graphite and diamond are examples of the element
carbon.
6. Distinguish molecules and compounds.
A molecule is a chemical entity that contains two or more chemically combined atoms that are orientated in specific
geometric arrangements. A compound is a substance that contains two or more different types of atoms (i.e., different
elements) chemically combined in fixed proportions.
,7. How is a pure substance different than a mixture?
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. A pure substance can exist as atoms, molecules, or compounds. A
mixture contains two or more different chemical species.
8. Distinguish heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures.
A homogenous mixture has properties that are uniform throughout. Every part of the mixture has the same
appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform throughout. The properties,
composition, or appearance of a heterogeneous mixture are not uniform.
9. Which of the following are pure substances? Indicate if the pure substance is an element or a compound.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains iron atoms only) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
Solve:
a. Water; pure substance, compound
b. CO2; pure substance, compound
c. Salt water; mixture
d. Diamond; pure substance, element
e. Iron; pure substance, element
10. Which of the following are mixtures? Indicate if the mixture is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A mixture is a combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform
throughout. In other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A
heterogeneous mixture is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the
mixture.
Solve:
a. Coffee; mixture; homogeneous (if filtered and contains no grounds)
b. Concrete; mixture, heterogeneous
c. Chocolate chip cookie, mixture; heterogeneous
d. Body lotion; mixture, homogeneous
e. Dog food; mixture, heterogeneous
11. Which of the following are pure substances? Indicate if the pure substance is an element or a compound.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
, Solve:
a. The helium inside a helium balloon; pure substance, element
b. A dose of Pepto-Bismol; mixture
c. The liquid ethanol in a thermometer; pure substance, compound
d. A tablet of Tylenol; mixture (if the tablet contains binders; pure if the tablet only contains acetaminophen, which is
a compound)
e. Carbon dioxide formed from fermentation of glucose; pure substance compound
12. Which of the following are mixtures? Indicate if the mixture is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A mixture is a combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform
throughout. In other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A
heterogeneous mixture is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the
mixture.
Solve:
a. A cup of salsa; mixture, heterogeneous
b. A bottle of Italian dressing; mixture, heterogeneous
c. A brass trumpet; mixture, homogenous (if all parts are brass; brass is a mixture of copper and zinc)
d. A copper pipe with no corrosion; pure substance
13. Determine whether each figure represents a pure substance or a mixture. If the substance is pure, indicate if it is an
element or a compound. If the substance is a mixture, indicate if it is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture is a
combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform throughout. In
other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture
is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the mixture.
Solve:
Pure substance, element; heterogeneous mixture; homogenous mixture; pure substance, element
, 14. Determine whether each figure represents a pure substance or a mixture. If the substance is pure, indicate if it is an
element or a compound. If the substance is a mixture, indicate if it is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture is a
combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform throughout. In
other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture
is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the mixture.
Solve:
Homogenous mixture; heterogeneous mixture; homogenous mixture, pure substance (compound)
15. Classify each of the following as a heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture, or a pure substance.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture is a
combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform throughout. In
other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture
is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the mixture.
Solve:
Heterogeneous mixture, homogenous mixture, pure substance (compound); heterogeneous mixture
CHAPTER 1
Key Skills Assessment
1. e; 2. c; 3. e; 4. b; 5. e; 6. b; 7. b; 8. c; 9. b; 10. a; 11. d; 12. d; 13. e; 14. c; 15. a
1.2 Matter
1. Describe the differences among solids, liquids, and gases.
Solids have particles that are close to each other and held tightly in position. Solids have a definite shape and volume,
are not easily compressed, and do not flow. Liquids have particles that are close to each other but are mobile. A liquid
forms a surface and takes the shape of the part of the container it occupies. Liquids have a fixed volume and are not
easily compressed. Liquids flow easily. Gases have particles that are separated by relatively large distances compared
with the actual size of the gas particles themselves. Gases move rapidly, expand to fill their containers, and are easily
compressed. Gases flow very easily.
2. How is an amorphous solid different than a crystalline solid?
A crystalline solid has its particles arranged in a highly ordered three-dimensional pattern that exists over a long range.
An amorphous solid has much less long-range order. Substances that form amorphous solids sometimes contain long
chain-like structures that are intertwined.
3. What are the definitions of vibrational, rotational, and translational motions?
Vibrational motion is the stretching and bending of bonds, rotational motion involves rotation around an axis, and
translational motion is movement from one point to another.
4. Describe the basic structure of an atom.
Atoms contain a dense core called the nucleus that is surrounded by clouds of electrons. The nucleus contains
positively charged protons and neutrons that carry no charge. Electrons are negatively charged particles. In an atom,
there is an equal number of protons and electrons so that the atom is electronically neutral.
5. What are allotropes?
Allotropes are different forms of the same element. For example, graphite and diamond are examples of the element
carbon.
6. Distinguish molecules and compounds.
A molecule is a chemical entity that contains two or more chemically combined atoms that are orientated in specific
geometric arrangements. A compound is a substance that contains two or more different types of atoms (i.e., different
elements) chemically combined in fixed proportions.
,7. How is a pure substance different than a mixture?
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. A pure substance can exist as atoms, molecules, or compounds. A
mixture contains two or more different chemical species.
8. Distinguish heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures.
A homogenous mixture has properties that are uniform throughout. Every part of the mixture has the same
appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform throughout. The properties,
composition, or appearance of a heterogeneous mixture are not uniform.
9. Which of the following are pure substances? Indicate if the pure substance is an element or a compound.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains iron atoms only) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
Solve:
a. Water; pure substance, compound
b. CO2; pure substance, compound
c. Salt water; mixture
d. Diamond; pure substance, element
e. Iron; pure substance, element
10. Which of the following are mixtures? Indicate if the mixture is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A mixture is a combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform
throughout. In other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A
heterogeneous mixture is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the
mixture.
Solve:
a. Coffee; mixture; homogeneous (if filtered and contains no grounds)
b. Concrete; mixture, heterogeneous
c. Chocolate chip cookie, mixture; heterogeneous
d. Body lotion; mixture, homogeneous
e. Dog food; mixture, heterogeneous
11. Which of the following are pure substances? Indicate if the pure substance is an element or a compound.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
, Solve:
a. The helium inside a helium balloon; pure substance, element
b. A dose of Pepto-Bismol; mixture
c. The liquid ethanol in a thermometer; pure substance, compound
d. A tablet of Tylenol; mixture (if the tablet contains binders; pure if the tablet only contains acetaminophen, which is
a compound)
e. Carbon dioxide formed from fermentation of glucose; pure substance compound
12. Which of the following are mixtures? Indicate if the mixture is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A mixture is a combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform
throughout. In other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A
heterogeneous mixture is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the
mixture.
Solve:
a. A cup of salsa; mixture, heterogeneous
b. A bottle of Italian dressing; mixture, heterogeneous
c. A brass trumpet; mixture, homogenous (if all parts are brass; brass is a mixture of copper and zinc)
d. A copper pipe with no corrosion; pure substance
13. Determine whether each figure represents a pure substance or a mixture. If the substance is pure, indicate if it is an
element or a compound. If the substance is a mixture, indicate if it is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture is a
combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform throughout. In
other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture
is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the mixture.
Solve:
Pure substance, element; heterogeneous mixture; homogenous mixture; pure substance, element
, 14. Determine whether each figure represents a pure substance or a mixture. If the substance is pure, indicate if it is an
element or a compound. If the substance is a mixture, indicate if it is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture is a
combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform throughout. In
other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture
is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the mixture.
Solve:
Homogenous mixture; heterogeneous mixture; homogenous mixture, pure substance (compound)
15. Classify each of the following as a heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture, or a pure substance.
Conceptualize:
A pure substance contains only one chemical species. As a result, the composition of a pure substance is the same
regardless of its source. An element is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom (e.g., a sample of the
element iron contains only iron atoms) and cannot be broken down into simpler materials by any chemical process. A
compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. A mixture is a
combination of two or more different pure substances. A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform throughout. In
other words, every part of the mixture has the same appearance, composition, and properties. A heterogeneous mixture
is one that consists of two or more different phases and lacks uniformity throughout the mixture.
Solve:
Heterogeneous mixture, homogenous mixture, pure substance (compound); heterogeneous mixture
