BSC 2093 C Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions with Actual Answers 2025-
2026 Updated.
principle of complementarity of structure and function - Answer Anatomy and physiology
are inseparable
. Function always reflects structure
. What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Levels of Structural Organization - Answer chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
8 necessary life functions - Answer maintaining boundaries, movement,
responsiveness/excitability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, and growth
maintaining boundaries - Answer separation between internal and external environments
must exist
. semipermeable plasma membrane separates intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid
.skin separates organs from the environment and it encloses the body as a whole
Movement - Answer Includes all activities promoted by the muscular system
.also occurs when substances such as blood and urine are propelled
.on the cellular level, the muscles ability to move by shortening is called contractility
Responsive (excitability) - Answer The ability to sense changes (stimuli) and respond to them
.because nerve cells are highly excitable and communicate rapidly with each other via electrical
impulses, the nerve system is most involved with this process
Digestion - Answer Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood
.transfered blood by cardiovascular system
.done for the body as a whole
Metabolism ("a state of change") - Answer includes all chemical reactions that occur within
body cells
.Catabolism=breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
, .Anabolism=synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks
.Cellular respiration= using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP
.depends on the digestive and reparatory system to make nutrients and oxygen available to the
blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute the blood
.Regulated by hormones secreter by the endocrine system glands
Excretion - Answer the process by which wastes are removed from the body
.Feces which are indegistable food residue are removed by the digestive system
.Urea (metabolic waste) is formed by the breakdown of proteins and removed by the urinary
system
.Carbon dioxide is a by product of cellular respiration (metabolism) and is carried in the blood to
the lungs where it leaves the body by being exhaled
Reproduction - Answer Cellular= original cell divides producing two identical daughter cells
that may then be used for body growth and repair (mitosis)
Organismal=function is regulated by the endocrine system (meiosis)
.Division of labor= males produce sperm and ladies produce eggs
Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive - Answer Organ
systems are designed to service the cells
.All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
5 Survival need for humans - Answer (in appropriate amounts)
1.Nutrients
2.Oxygen
3.Water
4.Body temp
5.Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Nutrients - Answer Contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building
1.Carbs=major energy fuel for body cells (stored)
Proteins and Fats= cell building and cell chemistry (enzymes)
Fats= reserve of energy rich food (long term energy storage)
Minerals and Vitamins= required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen
transport in the blood also for structural purposes
Oxygen - Answer 20% of the air we breath is oxygen
Questions with Actual Answers 2025-
2026 Updated.
principle of complementarity of structure and function - Answer Anatomy and physiology
are inseparable
. Function always reflects structure
. What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Levels of Structural Organization - Answer chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
8 necessary life functions - Answer maintaining boundaries, movement,
responsiveness/excitability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, and growth
maintaining boundaries - Answer separation between internal and external environments
must exist
. semipermeable plasma membrane separates intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid
.skin separates organs from the environment and it encloses the body as a whole
Movement - Answer Includes all activities promoted by the muscular system
.also occurs when substances such as blood and urine are propelled
.on the cellular level, the muscles ability to move by shortening is called contractility
Responsive (excitability) - Answer The ability to sense changes (stimuli) and respond to them
.because nerve cells are highly excitable and communicate rapidly with each other via electrical
impulses, the nerve system is most involved with this process
Digestion - Answer Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood
.transfered blood by cardiovascular system
.done for the body as a whole
Metabolism ("a state of change") - Answer includes all chemical reactions that occur within
body cells
.Catabolism=breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
, .Anabolism=synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks
.Cellular respiration= using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP
.depends on the digestive and reparatory system to make nutrients and oxygen available to the
blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute the blood
.Regulated by hormones secreter by the endocrine system glands
Excretion - Answer the process by which wastes are removed from the body
.Feces which are indegistable food residue are removed by the digestive system
.Urea (metabolic waste) is formed by the breakdown of proteins and removed by the urinary
system
.Carbon dioxide is a by product of cellular respiration (metabolism) and is carried in the blood to
the lungs where it leaves the body by being exhaled
Reproduction - Answer Cellular= original cell divides producing two identical daughter cells
that may then be used for body growth and repair (mitosis)
Organismal=function is regulated by the endocrine system (meiosis)
.Division of labor= males produce sperm and ladies produce eggs
Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive - Answer Organ
systems are designed to service the cells
.All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
5 Survival need for humans - Answer (in appropriate amounts)
1.Nutrients
2.Oxygen
3.Water
4.Body temp
5.Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Nutrients - Answer Contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building
1.Carbs=major energy fuel for body cells (stored)
Proteins and Fats= cell building and cell chemistry (enzymes)
Fats= reserve of energy rich food (long term energy storage)
Minerals and Vitamins= required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen
transport in the blood also for structural purposes
Oxygen - Answer 20% of the air we breath is oxygen
