Neonatal/Pediatric Specialis Exam Newest 2025/2026 Complete 100Questions And Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers)|Brand New Version!!

An infant is born at 32 weeks gestation and presents with grunting, nasal flaring, and intercostal retractions. The chest X-ray reveals a ground- glass appearance. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Transient tachypnea of the newborn B. Meconium aspiration syndrome C. Respiratory distress syndrome D. Persistent pulmonary hypertension Answer: C. Respiratory distress syndrome Which is the most appropriate initial therapy for respiratory distress syndrome in a premature neonate? A. Oral steroids B. Surfactant replacement therapy C. Heliox therapy 2 | P a g e D. Chest physiotherapy Answer: B. Surfactant replacement therapy A 2-year-old child presents with inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and hoarseness. Which condition is most likely? A. Epiglottitis B. Bronchiolitis C. Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) D. Foreign body aspiration Answer: C. Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) A neonate is receiving mechanical ventilation. The PaCO₂ is 68 mmHg with a pH of 7.20. Which ventilator adjustment is most appropriate? A. Decrease respiratory rate Which radiographic finding is characteristic of bronchiolitis? A. Steeple sign B. Hyperinflation with patchy atelectasis C. Thumb sign D. Ground-glass appearance Answer: B. Hyperinflation with patchy atelectasis B. Increase tidal volume or PIP 3 | P a g e C. Increase FiO₂ D. Increase PEEP Answer: B. Increase tidal volume or PIP A 5-year-old with cystic fibrosis presents with increased sputum production and fever. Which intervention is MOST important? A. Chest physiotherapy and bronchodilators B. Antibiotic therapy targeting Pseudomonas C. Oxygen therapy only D. Heliox administration Answer: B. Antibiotic therapy targeting Pseudomonas Which of the following is the gold standard diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis? A. Sweat chloride test B. Genetic DNA analysis only C. Chest radiograph D. Pulmonary function testing Answer: A. Sweat chloride test A neonate has apnea of prematurity. Which pharmacologic therapy is most effective? 4 | P a g e A. Theophylline B. Caffeine citrate C. Epinephrine D. Albuterol Answer: B. Caffeine citrate A child presents with wheezing, hypoxemia, and history of eczema. Which diagnosis is most likely? A. Cystic fibrosis B. Asthma C. Epiglottitis D. Bronchiolitis Answer: B. Asthma Which pulmonary function finding is most consistent with obstructive lung disease in children? A. Increased FEV₁/FVC ratio B. Decreased FEV₁/FVC ratio C. Decreased TLC D. Increased DLCO Answer: B. Decreased FEV₁/FVC ratio A newborn requires resuscitation. After initial steps, the heart rate is 50 bpm despite effective ventilation. What is the next step? 5 | P a g e A. Administer epinephrine B. Begin chest compressions C. Increase FiO₂ to 100% D. Intubate immediately Answer: B. Begin chest compressions Which medication is indicated for acute bronchiolitis due to RSV in high-risk infants? A. Ribavirin B. Albuterol C. Prednisone D. Dornase alfa Answer: A. Ribavirin Which intervention reduces the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants? A. High oxygen therapy from birth B. Gentle ventilation with low tidal volumes C. Routine tracheostomy placement D. Chest physiotherapy in the first hours of life Answer: B. Gentle ventilation with low tidal volumes Which radiographic sign is associated with epiglottitis? A. Steeple sign B. Thumb sign 6 | P a g e C. Ground-glass opacity D. Honeycombing Answer: B. Thumb sign Which test best evaluates diaphragmatic paralysis in infants? A. MRI scan B. Chest radiograph C. Fluoroscopic “sniff test” D. Blood gas analysis Answer: C. Fluoroscopic “sniff test” Which oxygen delivery device is most appropriate for a neonate requiring precise FiO₂ control? A. Simple mask B. High-flow nasal cannula C. Oxyhood D. Non-rebreather mask Answer: C. Oxyhood Which condition is associated with meconium aspiration syndrome? A. Preterm birth 32 weeks B. Post-term delivery with fetal distress C. Twin pregnancy D. Cesarean section without labor Answer: B. Post-term delivery with fetal distress