PORTAGE LEARNING STATISTICS CNSL 503 MODULE 5 EXAM THE TTEST FINAL EXAM ACCURATE

PORTAGE LEARNING
STATISTICS CNSL 503
MODULE 5 EXAM THE T-
TEST FINAL EXAM
ACCURATE




📊 CNSL 503 MODULE 5 – STATISTICS
STUDY GUIDE
Module 5 in many counseling research courses focuses on basic statistics used in research,
evaluating data, interpreting results, and understanding significance.




� KEY CONCEPTS YOU MUST KNOW

, 1�⃣ Levels of Measurement
Know these four measurement scales:

 Nominal – categories only (e.g., gender, diagnosis)
 Ordinal – ranked order but not equal intervals (e.g., Likert scale)
 Interval – equal intervals, no true zero (e.g., temperature)
 Ratio – equal intervals, true zero (e.g., age, income)




2�⃣ Descriptive Statistics
 Mean – average
 Median – middle value
 Mode – most frequent
 Range – difference between max and min
 Standard Deviation (SD) – spread of scores
 Variance – squared SD




3�⃣ Frequency Distributions
 Tables that show how often each value occurs
 Useful for nominal & ordinal data




4�⃣ Graphs & Charts
 Bar graphs – nominal/ordinal categories
 Histograms – interval/ratio continuous data
 Pie charts – proportions




5�⃣ Probability & Sampling
 Probability – likelihood of an event
 Random sampling – every member has equal chance
 Sampling error – difference between sample and population