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When assessing a patient with a partial-thickness burn, the nurse would expect to find (SATA): a. blisters b. exposed fascia c. exposed muscles d. intact nerve endings e. red, shiny, wet appearance A patient is admitted to the burn center with burns of his head and neck, chest, and back after an explosion in his garage.On assessment, the nurse auscultates wheezes throughout the lung fields. On reassessment, the wheezes are gone and the breath sounds are greatly diminished. Which action...

A nurse is caring for a patient experiencing frequent diarrhea. The nurse should first: a. Auscultate the abdomen in a clockwise manner. b. Lightly palpate the abdomen to check for areas of pain. c. Inspect the abdomen for masses, scars, or distention .d. Percuss the abdomen to identify fluid or air. A patient reports severe cramping after a large-volume cleansing enema. What should the nurse do next? Answer: c. Inspect the abdomen for masses, scars, or distention. Rationale: The sequen...

Can indicate gastrointestinal bleeding, a serious adverse effect of NSAIDs like ibuprofen due to COX-1 inhibition affecting the gastric mucosa. Should be taken with a full glass of water and the client should remain upright for 30 minutes to prevent esophageal irritation. Increases the risk for bleeding when taken with aspirin due to both having anticoagulant effects. Monitor respiratory rate and rhythm after administration as it is used to reverse opioid overdose, particularly respirato...

Which of the following postimplantation instructions must a nurse B provide a patient with a permanent pacemaker? a. Delay activities such as swimming and bowling for at least 3 weeks b.Avoid sources of electrical interference c. Keep moving the arm on the side where the pacemaker is inserted d.Keep the arm on the side of the pacemaker higher than the head The nurse must instruct the patient with a permanent pacemaker to avoid sources of electrical interference.Also, instruct the patien...

An antimicrobial medication that has selective toxicity has which characteristic? A. Ability to transfer DNA coding B. Ability to suppress bacterial resistance C. Ability to avoid injuring host cells D.Ability to act against a specific microbe The development of a new infection as a result of the elimination of normal flora by an antibiotic is referred to as what? A. Resistant infection B. Superinfection C. Nosocomial infection D.Allergic reaction

Which cardiac enzyme would the nurse expect to elevate first in a client diagnosed with a myocardial infarction? Along with persistent, crushing chest pain, which signs/symptoms would make the nurse suspect that the client is experiencing a myocardial infarction? 1. Midepigastric pain and pyrosis 2. Diaphoresis and cool clammy skin 3. Intermittent claudication and paloor 4. Jugular vein distention and dependent edema The client diagnosed with rule-out myocardial infarction is experienci...

-refers to the mechanisms the body uses to keep its fluids close to chemically neutral -acids and bases are produced by foods, exercise, during cellular metabolism, body processes and illnesses -acids and bases react to each other by forming salts and water (chemical reaction) -pH=power of hydrogen (hydrogen is an acid) -pH is a scale used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration in a water based solution -the bodys homeostasis pH is within a range of 7.35-7.45=slightly alkalotic -...

Amlodipine, Diltiazem, felodipine, Verapamil, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Isradipine Loop Diuretics CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS INCLUDE: Used for hypertension, edema, CKD, heart failure. Check potassium, bp and pulse. Depletes potassium and sodium (other electrolytes as well) furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide examples of loop diuretics thiazide diuretics calcium will go up

CURRENT ABG INTERPRETATION EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025

What is the 1st step in ABG interpretation? Allen's test 2. What is hypoxemia? Low oxygen in the blood 3. What is acidaemia [pH value, H+ ions]? pH < 7.35 Increase in H+ ions 4. What is alkalaemia [pH value, H+ ions]? pH > 7.45 Decrease in H+ ions 5. PaCO2 is regulated by what organ? Lungs

pH normal range 7.35-7.45 2. PCO2 normal range 35-45 3. HCO3 normal range 22-26 4. B.E. normal range + or -2 5. PO2 normal range 80-100 mmHg 6. O2 Sat normal Range > 95%

Interpretation: pH: 7.34 pCO2: 33.9 pO2: 85.2 HCO3: 18.2 B.E: -6.2

normal body pH 7.35-7.45 2. perfect pH is 7.4 3. below 7.35, pH is acidosis 4. above 7.5, pH is alkaline 5. when body is acidic it tries to... compensate to bring pH back up & become balanced

What is the normal pH range in an ABG? 7.35 - 7.45 What is the normal pCO2 range in an ABG? 35 - 45 mmHg What is the normal HCO3 (bicarbonate) range in an ABG? 22 - 26 mEq/L What is the normal PaO2 in an ABG? 80 - 100 mmHg What does a high pCO2 indicate? Respiratory acidosis (pCO2 is an acid). What does a low pCO2 indicate? Respiratory alkalosis. What does a high HCO3 indicate?

Why is a normal PaCO2 a concern in a hypoxic asthmatic patient? A sign that they are tiring and need ITU intervention If there is a very low PaO2 in a patient who looks completely well, what might've happened? Might be a venous sample What is normal PaO2 (room air)? >10kPa (75mmHg) 10kPa lower than the % inspired concentration FiO2 What is normal PaO2 on oxygen? E.g. 40% oxygen should have PaO2 approx. 30kPa What is the approx. FiO2 for 1L/min nasal cannula? 24% What is the approx....

1. Step 1: What is the normal pH range? 7.35-7.45 2. Step 2: What does pH < 7.35 indicate? Acidosis 3. Step 3: What does pH > 7.45 indicate? Alkalosis 4. Step 4: What if pH is normal but CO₂ or HCO₃⁻ is abnormal? Fully compensated 5. Step 5: What is the normal PaCO₂ range? 35-45 mmHg 6. Step 6: What does PaCO₂ > 45 mean? Respiratory acidosis (CO₂ is acidic) 7. Step 7: What does PaCO₂ < 35 mean? Respiratory alkalosis (CO₂ is basic) 8. Step 8: What is...

acid base balance= gold standard metabolic and respiratory are the systems lungs and kidneys are the organs Bicarbonate abbreviation HCO3 normal bicarbonate levels 22-26 mEq/L what muscles make up the neck scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and diaphragm, external intercostals, pecwhat are the muscles of inspiration toralis major and minor, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius external intercostals between the ribs what is the major respiratory muscle diaphragm

List the indications for an ABG. Describe the methodology for looking at ABGs What is type 1 respiratory failure? What is type 2 respiratory failure? Hypoxia = SpO2 <94%, shock, reduced consciousness, respiratory distress, smoke inhalation, chronic respiratory disease, acutely unwell patient and assessment for long term oxygen therapy. 1) check patient details 2)check PaO2 - are they hypoxic? Type 1 or 2 RF? 3) check pH - acidotic (pH<7.35/H+>45) or alkalotic (pH>7.35/H+&l...

The following blood gas measurements determines how well a patients lungs are being ventilated. The following blood gas measurements determines the level of tissue oxygenation. A patient using an aerosol mask set at 40% oxygen pH 7.42, PaCO2 36, PaO2 122, HCO3 What is the A-a gradient? PB = 747 The following conditions shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the right? Patient on 2 lpm via NC has the interpret the following ABG results pH 7.51, PaCO2 27, PaO2 62, HCO3 23 The RCP has ...

The LPN/LVN is planning care for the a client who has A. Administer Prescribed fourth degree midline laceration that occurred during stool softener vaginal delivery of an 8 pound 10 ounce infant. What intervention has the highest priority? A. Administer Prescribed stool softener B. Administer prescribed PRN sleep medications. C. Encourage breastfeeding to promote uterine involution D. Encourage use of prescribed analgesic perineal spray