TeeGrades

What are the 4 stages of normal swallowing? 1. Oral preparatory or anticipatory 2. Oral phase 3. Pharyngeal phase 4. Esophageal phase The Oral preparatory or anticipatory is __________ (voluntary or involuntary)? The food enters the mouth and forms a _________, while the tongue _________ ..... voluntary; bolus; holds food against hard palate Some problems with the Oral preparatory stage is when the pt can't move bolus from the _________ of the oral cavity to __________. This ca...

Respiratory Acidosis pH: <7.35 PaCO2 > 45 mmHg HCO3: usually normal but can increase slightly as a compensatory mechanism. Compensation: the kidneys compensate by retaining bicarbonate--this takes time Respiratory Alkalosis: pH: >7.45 PaCO2: <35 mmHg HCO3-: usually normal but can decrease slightly as a compensatory mechanism. Compensation: The kidneys can compensate by excreting bicarbonate, but this takes time. Metabolic Acidosis: pH: <7.35 HCO3-: <22 mEq...

AV valves - mitral, tricuspid Semilunar valves - aortic, pulmonic S1 - Closure of AV valves - loudest at apex - beginning of systole S2 - Closure of semilunar valves - loudest at base - beginning of diastole, louder with PE S3 - Right after S2, associated w HR - also caused by pulmonary HTN and cor pulmonale S4 - Right before S1 - associated c aortic stenosis, myocadial ischemia, atrial gallop (Tennessee) Narrowing pulse pressure - severe hypovolemia Wid...

Brompheniramine meleate (Bromax) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Carbinozamine meleate (Arbinoza) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Chlorapheniramine meleate (Chloraphen) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Clemastine (Dayhist) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Cyroheptadine (Periactin) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Diphenydramine (Benadryl) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Doxylamine (Unisom) - First-generation (H1 antagonist) Promethazine (P...

What do autonomic agents do? - Influence and regulate vital functions c/in the nervous system What is another name for parasympathetic? - Cholinergic/muscarinic What is another name for sympathetic? - Adrenergic What is cholinergic activity? - Vasodilation, increased secretions, and decreased HR What are 2 acetylcholine (ACh) receptors? - Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors What are some universal prescribing alerts for muscarinic antagonists? - Decreased secretio...

Where are T4 receptors located? - Eosinophils, neutrophils, T cells In the stomach, histamine is released by what? - Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) What is a toxic effect of first-generation antihistamines? - Convulsions, postural hotn, cardiac arrhythmias Anaphylaxis & antihistamines - Antihistamines alone are not a sufficient treatment for anaphylaxis - antihistamines and steroids are added as adjuvant treatments CNS side effects that elderly patients should be aware...

Stastics - empirical or practical method for collecting, organizing, summarizing and presenting data & for making inferences about the population from which the data is drawn Probability - Likely-hood that something will happen Population - An entire group of individuals that a researcher wants to study Sample - A subset of those individuals selected from a population from which an investigator draws conclusions that are used to understand the population What is an exampl...

Iron deficiency anemia: Diagnosis - - Serum Ferritin <12 - Caused by bleeding unless proved otherwise - Responds to Fe therapy Iron deficiency anemia: S/S - Easy fatigability, tachycardia, dyspnea on exertion Iron deficiency anemia: Treatment - Oral Iron (Ferrous sulfate 325mg PO daily), parenteral iron What is hemolytic anemia? - group of disorders in which RBCs survival is reduced, either episodically or continuously Hemolytic anemia lab values - Reduced haptogl...

VAP - Occurs >48h after intubation DD: heart fx, atelectasis, aspiration, ARDS S/S: 2+ more findings (leukocytosis, fever, purulent sputum) w/ new opacities on CXR Dx: Blood cx, CXR, clinical s/s Tx: Empiric abx (Cipro, ceftazadine) - to kill K. aureus HAP - Occurs w/in 48h after admission DD: heart fx, atelectasis, aspiration, ARDS S/S: 2+ more findings (leukocytosis, fever, purulent sputum) w/ new opacities on CXR Dx: Blood cx, CXR, clinical s/s Tx: Empiric abx (Cipro, c...

Definition of cardiogenic shock - evidence of tissue hypoxia d/t decreased CO in the presence of adequate intravascular volume Causes of cardiogenic shock - MI, cardiomyopathy, myocardial contusion, valvular incompetence, stenosis, arrhythmias What are S/S of cardiogenic shock? - Cold/clammy, S3 gallop, crackles, +JVP, displaced PMI, pulmonary edema, increased preload (pwcp/cvp) Is SVR high or low in cardiogenic shock? - High Is CO high or low in cardiogenic shock? - L...

Telangiectasia (spider veins) possible underlying disease processes - Rosacea, liver dz, scleroderma, lupus, corticosteroids use, Raynauds, - Differential: PVD, PE - look for hemosiderans deposition (staining) What is a Type 1 error? - False Positive: incorrectly rejecting the true null hypothesis What is a type 2 error? - False Negative: failing to reject a null hypothesis which is false What is a national mandate to prevent VAP? - Elevated HOB Credentialing and Privileg...

You want to get more funding for your hospital's Rapid Response Team. How should you present this issue to the committee? - Stress importance of the team (answer is worded as looking up evidence about how the team affects outcomes, like a meta-analysis) What is the best way for the AGACNP to get involved in policy making? a. Attend legislative days at the state capitol b. Join a hospital committee c. Write to your local congressman d. Review literature and give more in-services - b...

What will the nurse identify as symptoms of hypovolemic shock in a patient? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Temperature of 97.6°F (36.4°C) 2. Restlessness 3. Decrease in blood pressure of 20 mm Hg when the patient sits up 4. Capillary refill time greater than 3 seconds 5. Sinus bradycardia of 55 beats per minute - Correct Answer: 2,3,4 Rationale 1: Fever will increase oxygen deman...

posterior fontanel closes - 6-8 weeks pincer grasp developed - 10 months grasp an object with full hands - 2-3 months sit alone - 7-8 months head lag disappears - 4-6 monhts rolling over - 5-6 months doubles birth weight - 6 months builds a tower of 2 blocks, sometimes fails - 12 months anterior fontanel closes - 12-18 months can pull to stand - 9-11 months comprehends "no" - 9-10 months says 3-5 words with meaning - 12 month...

What is dissemination? - Getting the research information out to those who need to know it! Publication - highest level Presenting at National Conference Presenting at Local Conference Journal Club where one person reviews an article What does a 17 on MMSE mean? - Moderate cognitive impairment What is Tegretol in the CYP450 system? - Inducer -->will lower dose of Lamictal and BCP's What do BCP's do to Lamictal? - Inducer - will lower dose of Lamictal What is a ...

In the US, privacy protections for health information come from: - Privacy protections come from all of these sources - both federal and state law, as well as the requirements of private certification organizations. Privacy, in the health information context discussed here, refers to: - The rules about who can access health information, and under what circumstances. Under the federal HIPAA regulations, state health privacy laws: - Remain in effect if more stringent than what HIPAA...

Distributed system - A collection of autonomous computing elements that appears to its users as a single coherent system Nodes - Computers in distributed system Middleware - Operating system of distributed system which contain commonly used components and functions that need not be implemented by application separately Characteristic of distributed system - - components independent - concurrency off components for share resources - lack of global clock - units may fail i...

Stastics - empirical or practical method for collecting, organizing, summarizing and presenting data & for making inferences about the population from which the data is drawn Probability - Likely-hood that something will happen Population - An entire group of individuals that a researcher wants to study Sample - A subset of those individuals selected from a population from which an investigator draws conclusions that are used to understand the population What is an exampl...

A 62 year old woman of African American ancestry who is self-insured presents with a BP of 150/102 documented on three separate occasions. She is of normal weight and a non-smoker, with no other health problems. In terms of clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness, which of the following represents the best choice of antihypertensive agent for this person? - hydrochlorothiazide When are statins traditionally ordered to be taken? - -At bedtime Drug choices to treat angina in older adu...

oxidative phosphorylation - oxidation-reduction reactions that allow the flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to reduce molecular oxygen to water. The electron flow, which is very exergonic, takes place in four large protein complexes that are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, together called the respiratory chain or the electron-transport chain. The mitochondrial matrix is the site of the - reactions of the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation. Inner mitochondr...