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Effects Theory A group of social scientists called the Frankfurt School that studied the power of the mass media. Hypodermic Needle Theory Audiences passively receive information from media texts without any attempt on their part to process or challenge it. Moral Panic The intensity of feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten the social order. Cultivation Theory The more time people spend "living" in the TV world, the more likely they are to believe the soci...

Pastiche (postmodernism) a cinematic device that honors the cinematography of another filmmaker through the imitation of specific scenes or iconic moments in the movie Spectacle (postmodernism) watching someone do something we didn't know humans could do (something impressive or striking). Media that uses spectacle use shallow things to get attention from viewers Faux TV (postmodernism) mockumentaries, tv shows ab tv shows and fake news Magical realism (postmodernism) magic, supernatural, or...

Structuralism A body of study or theory that discusses how societies, cultural practices and artefacts (such as media texts) can be analysed as signifying systems or languages (how different media texts are presented to a consumer) Semiotics the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation Connotation the implied or associative meaning of a word Denotation the literal meaning of a word Signifier physical existence of the sign Signified The meaning we associate with the signifi...

Encode messages and meaning placed within products Decode audience interprets message Close ups create emotion and tension Extreme close ups create suspense or draw attention to something Long shots provide more information about character/situation Medium close ups taken from the chest up Establishing shots quick way of advancing the narrative High angle shot makes the character look vulnerable/insignificant Birds eye view allows audience to see fully whats happening Low ange shot crea...

Legal rules Laws created by institutions within the legal system and enforced by the legal system Civil Law Private disputes between individuals and/or businesses Law A body of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. norms of behavior values, customs and traditions which represent individuals' basic knowledge of what others do and think that they should do Morality principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or...

Powell v Kempton 1899 If a ring at a racecourse fell under the terms "house, office, room or other places" - decided not. R v Inhabitants of Sedgley 1831 If "lands, houses and coal mines: included other types of mine -decided it excluded application to others Muir v Keay 1875 "For public refreshment, resort and entertainment" - decided entertainment did not include theatrical/ musical entertainment Pepper v Hart 1993 Established the use of Hansard is permitted where the legislation is am...

What are the basic qualifications for a jury? -aged between 18 and 75 -registered as a parliamentary or local government elector -a resident of the united kingdom for 5 years after your 13th birthday Why may someone be excused for having a lack of capacity? -might not be able to speak/understand English properly -if they're blind they might be excused as there's a need to see evidence However, if your are disabled it doesn't necessarily make you unsuitable What act states you aren't necess...

Role of Judge To make decisions in respect of disputes. They must do this in a fair, unbiased way, applying the law and the legal rules of England and Wales. Superior judges Justices of the Supreme Court. Lord Justices of Appeal (Court of Appeal). High Court Judges are split into 3 sections : Queens Bench Division, Chancery Division, Family Division. Inferior Judges Circuit Judges, District Civil Judges, District Criminal Judges, District Judge, Magistrates' Court, Recorders/Assistant Recorde...

Name the regulatory body for barristers, where it can refer cases to, and available sanctions The independent Bar Standards Board was set up and regulates the profession of barristers. It sets out training and entry standards; a code of conduct which barristers should comply with. It investigates any alleged breach of the code of conduct; it can discipline any barrister who is in breach of the code - if the matter is serious it will be referred to an independent Disciplinary TribuName the regula...

What are the courts of first instance for civil cases? County Court and High Court In what act are the procedural rules set out for County Courts? County Courts Act 1984 What cases do County Courts have jurisdiction over? All small track, some fast track (up to £25,000) and multi track cases (depending on the complexity) What are the three divisions of the High Court? Queen's Bench, Chancery and Family Where do small and fast track appeals from the County Court go? County Court (district j...

Vaughan v Vaughan (1973) Dictionaries of the time - correct definition if molest Cheeseman v DPP Literal rule - Plain meaning of 'passenger' was someone passing through. Whiteley v Chappell Literal rule - The d was charged with 'impersonating any person entitled to vote' using the rule d was found not guilty because a dead person isn't entitled to vote Davis v Johnson 1979 Did not allow Hansard - Lord Denning tries to use Practice Statement for CA i.e. depart from stare decisis when just...

Common Law Law comes from cases heard by judges Made by judges all over the country Statutes Made by parliament Law is put into force and everyone has to follow it Act of Parliament Made by those that the people vote for in the House of Lords and House of Commons Actus Reus Guilty Act Mens Rea Guilty Mind Omission Failure to act when they are required to do so Voluntary nature of Actus Reus Act of defendant must be voluntary Hill v Baxter (1958) Gave examples of when a driver could not sa...

Conviction politics The belief that politics should be down to the individual ideas of each politician, not compromise/consensus Thought private companies were more efficient than government agencies as they had to make a profit whereas the government could afford to be wasteful What did Thatcher think of private vs government agencies? Welfare, unions, state intervention 3 things that Thatcher opposed Rule of Law Believing in the utmost importance of British law in politics to defend individ...

1625 Charles becomes king of Britain, forced parliament granted two subisides of tonnage and poundage for one year. 1626 The york house conference, attempt to impeach buckingham, commoms complain about the collection of tonnage and poundage without consent, charles dissolved parliament, privy council decided to raise a loan from all tax payers 1627 Buckingham led an expedition to the Isle de Re, the 'five knights' imprisoned without being put on trial, Laud appointed to the Privy Council 16...

1884 The year when Britain agreed to a division which gave Boers control of some land too Cape Province/Natal Areas which Britain gained control over in 1884 Transversaal/Orange Free State Areas which Boers gained control over in 1884 Joseph Chamberlain Who plotted with the aggressive British high commissioner in the Cape to make demands to force the Boers to fight? Salisbury Who called for election in 1900? Khaki The nickname for the 1900 election 402 Number of seats won by the Conservati...

Mass marketa market that targets a large segment - products are standardised Niche marketa market that targets a small segment - customers have specific needs that aren't catered by the mass market Brand namea name, sign, symbol or other feature that allows consumers to identify the goods of a business and differentiate it from rivals E-commerceconducting business transactions online Online retailing/ e-tailingbuying goods online Marketa arrangement where the buyer and seller can trade and...

What are the 4 factors of production? Capital, enterprise, land and labour What is the basic economic problem? How best to make decisions about the allocation of scarce resources among competing uses so as to maximise human happiness and welfare Economic goods Goods that have an opportunity cost in consumption as they use up scarce resources Free good Goods that don't have an opportunity cost in consumption as they don't use up scarce resources YED of a normal good Positive YED of an infe...

Describe how bit patterns may represent other forms of data, including graphics and sound. Bit patterns can be used to store information about other forms of data, for example images can be stored using the images height and width in pixels with the colour depth and sound can be stored as digital samples of the original sound. Understand the difference between analogue and digital data. Analogue data is a continuous wave recorded in its original form, when analogue waveforms are sampled at inte...

Silver nitrate+ nitric acid + chloride ions White precipitate Silver nitrate+ nitric acid + bromide ions Cream precipitate Silver nitrate+ nitric acid + iodide ions Yellow precipitate Substances that decolorise bromine water Alkenes Electrophiles Electron pair acceptors, attracted to electrons e.g H+ NaF and NaCl Produces misty fumes with conc sulphuric acid NaBr Produces misty and orange/brown fumes with conc sulphuric acid NaI Produces misty fumes, purple vapour, bad egg smell with conc...