Academicmaterials

CWRU BIOL 215 Bundled Exams with complete solution

Two sources of variability that arises during meiosis and fertilizations - 1. Crossing over 2. Independent Assortment Crossing Over - homologous chromosomes pair... each sister chromatid consists of a single stranded DNA molecule What is the result of the crossing over between homologous chromatids? - The exchange of segments Where do the homologous chromosomes separate? - First meiotic division What is produced after meiosis II - two daughter chromosomes have parental combinations of al...

energy - capacity to do work Compare potential energy and kinetic energy. Classify different energy forms into one of these two categories - potential energy is the possibility to do work: -chemical potential -concentration gradient -gravitational -stored mechanical kinetic energy -electrical -sound -radiant -thermal -motion Explain why cells need energy? Describe the types and examples of cellular work. - 1. synthetic work 2. mechanical work 3. concentration work 4. electrical ...

Define 'energy'. - -The capacity to do work (to cause change) Compare potential energy and kinetic energy. Classify different energy forms into one of these two categories. - Potential Energy = stored energy 1. Chemical Energy: E stored in bonds of atoms and molecules 2. Concentration Gradient: concentration differences across membrane 3. Gravitational Energy: E of position or place 4. Stored Mechanical Energy: E stored in objects by application of a force Energy Energy = motion 1. Ele...

explain the rule of phosphoglucomutase in glucose catabolism - it can transform G1P -> G6P during energy investment phase of glycolysis. It can also turn G6P -> G1P to begin the glycogenesis pathway glucose catabolism - if energy needs are met in the cell, G6P is converted to G1P catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase which triggers glycogenesis glycogenesis - the pathway that synthesizes glycogen as a result of excess glucose glycolysis - pathway that turns glucose to pyruvate for use in c...

Identify characteristics of living things that distinguish them from non-living things. - There are 9 characteristics of living things that distinguish them from non-living things. 1. Organization 2.Evolution of populations 3. DNA 4. Reproduction 5. Response to environment 6. Metabolism 7. Homeostasis 8. Contain one or more cells. Give a brief overview of the historical events that contributed to modern cell biology. Recall the associated names and dates involved in the events discuss...

Moderate Sedation Bundled Exams with complete solution

Moderate "Conscious" Sedation - Answer-A minimally depressed level of consciousness induced by the administration of pharmacologic agents in which the patient retains continuous and independent ability to maintain protective reflexes and a patent airway and to be aroused by physical or verbal stimulation. Levels of Sedation Analgesia - Answer-1. Minimal Sedation 2. Moderate Sedation/Analgesia 3. Deep Sedation/Analgesia 4. General Anesthesia Minimal Sedation - Answer-1. Patient is able t...

Giving sedation safely is critical to: - Answer-- help prevent negative outcomes - comply with regulations - how moderate sedation relates to other types of anesthetic services, and how this relates to patient safety - how JCAHO expects accredited facilities to manage moderate sedation Sedation continuum levels - Answer-1. minimal sedation 2. moderate sedation 3. deep sedation 4. general anesthesia 5. significance minimal sedation - Answer-anxiolysis - the use of drugs to lessen anxiet...

Moderate sedation - Answer-Patients requiring temporary sedation to facilitate diagnostic or therapeutic procedure Sedation - Answer-any medication with sedative/hypnotic properties is capble of altering conciousness or protective reflexes Training for Personnel - Answer-Should be able to recognize complications and be capable of establishing a patient airway and positive pressure ventilation Patient Monitor - Answer-an individual, other than the practiioner performin the procedure should ...

Practitioners performing moderate sedation must have all the skills to provide support to a patient in a state of deep sedation. - Answer-TRUE The Joint Commission standards on sedation and anesthesia apply whenever a patient receives moderate sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia. They do not apply when patients receive anxiolysis/minimal sedation. - Answer-TRUE The RN giving moderate sedation to the patient should not be scheduled to be involved in duties other than continuous m...

Desired effects of moderate sedation - Answer-To maintain intact reflex and to decrease anxiety, increase patient cooperation. Four levels of sedation - Answer-Minimal/ANXIOLYSIS-a drug-induced state during which the patient response normally to verbal commands. Cognitive and coordination may be impaired but respiratory and cardiovascular or not. Moderate/conscious sedation-drug induced depression of consciousness, patient responds purposely to verbal commands, no intervention required to ...

When discharging a patient after moderate sedation, what information should be given to the patient and the patient's caregiver? - Answer-Potential post-procedural complications Which is true of a pre-sedation plan? - Answer-It is planned or approved by a licensed independent practitioner Which is true regarding fasting prior to sedation? - Answer-Following the fasting guidelines does not guarantee complete gastric emptying For which types of sedation must the patient be monitored? - Answ...

Sedation - Answer-Administering sedatives or dissociative agents with or without analgesics to induce a state that allows pt to tolerate unpleasant procedures while maintaining cardiorespiratory function. Depress level of consciousness that allows pt to maintain oxygenation and airway control independently. Sedation - Answer-Relaxed, calm, or sleepy condition that results from taking a sedative. Analgesia - Answer-Loss of ability to feel pain while conscious. - Pain killers/relievers - NSA...

Which of the following is TRUE regarding criteria for transfer to a non-monitored unit and to a nurse that has not been trained in procedural sedation? - Answer-The patient must be arousable to verbal commands or back to baseline. Which of the following effects is NOT a benefit of procedural sedation and analgesia? - Answer-It decreases respiratory efforts. Which of the following patients would be at increased risk of over-sedation during procedural sedation? - Answer-A patient with severe...

What is moderate sedation - Answer-drug induced depression of consciousness (sedatives/sedation+analgesia) then titrated Different names for moderate sedation - Answer-conscious sedation, IV sedation,Procedural sedation Associated procedures for sedation - Answer-Bronchoscopy, Eye procedures, Biopsies, Lipo Characteristics of Moderate sedation - Answer-Patient is able to respond purposefully to verbal commands or light tactile stimulation Goals of moderate sedation - Answer--Altered mood ...

What permits early discovery of potential problems of moderate sedation? What does this allow to be instituted? What have many states enacted? - Answer--monitoring of appropriate physiological functions of a patient -corrective measures to be instituted at a time to effectively prevent serious complications -regulations governing the use of GA and parenteral sedation What do monitoring devices deliver? What does the device do without the warning system? What is the norm for outpatient su...

Objectives of Sedation Practice - Answer--Decrease Anxiety, pain, discomfort -Amnesia to the extent possible, but not guaranteed -Minimize risk (optimize risk/benefit ratio) -Rapid recovery Contraindications - Answer-History of allergy to medications Hemodynamic instability High risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents High risk of sedation failure, requiring assistance of anesthesiology service Minimal sedation - Answer-Response to stim: normal/minimal Airway: Normal/minimal S...

A Counseling Agency's failure to follow all basic requirements required by HUD could result in which of the following: A. Termination of agency's HUD approval B. Suspension of agency's HUD approval C. Forfeiture of remaining federal grant funds D. Fines and or imprisonment E. a , b , and c F. all of the above - Answer-E. Termination of agency's HUD approval Suspension of agency's HUD approval Forfeiture of remaining federal grant funds T/F A counseling agency must offer and provi...

The HECM Saver was introduced as an option to lower the upfront cost of a HECM by reducing the upfront mortgage insurance premium to: a. 0. b. 0.01% of the Maximum Claim Amount. c. 1% of the Maximum Claim Amount. d. 1.25% of the Maximum Claim Amount. - Answer-b If repairs are required but can be completed after closing, the lender will create a repair set-aside in the amount of: a. 15% of the maximum claim amount. b. 100% of the actual cost of repairs. c. 100% of the estimated cost of ...