Biology 1404 Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

What features are common to all living organisms? - -enclosed by a membrane presence of cytoplasm presence of DNA presence of ribosomes -How do electrons behave when they absorb or lose energy? - -Electrons move to higher or lower shells by absorbing (higher) or releasing (lower) energy -What is a nonpolar covalent bond? - -The atoms share the electrons equally -What is a polar covalent bond? - -One atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally (crea...

Define Evolution - -the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ones -What is a theory - -a well tested explanation of a natural phenomena -How are theories developed? - -theories are developed by frequent testings of hypotheses -Who established the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? - -Charles Darwin -What was the name of the book he published? - -The Origin of Species -What island is famous for its relationship to the theory? - -the Galapagos Islands...

acetyl CoA - -Is formed when pyruvate first enters into the mitochondria via active transport. -aerobic respiration - -Respiration that requires oxygen -anaerobic - -Process that does not require oxygen -anaerobic cellular respiration - -the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen -ATP synthase - -Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP -chemiosmosis - -the use of energy in a H+ g...

If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have? - -54 -Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called - -isotopes -Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration - -shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron -Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond - -hydrogen bond -Which of the following statements is not true - -Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth...

Gene expression - -The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis and has two stages - transcription - translation -Transcription - -the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA - produces messenger RNA (mRNA) -Translation - -the synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA -Ribsosomes - -the sites of translation -Translation in prokaryotes - -translation of mRNA can begin before transcription has finished (coupled) -Transcription in eukaryotes - -transcripti...

what's the central dogma of genes&proteins? what's an exception to this rule? - -DNA (transcription) - RNA (translation) - protein. reverse transcription. -in ___, the ___ sequence turned to ___ sequence *(_-_) - -transcription - DNA - RNA - T-U -in ___, the "___ ___" stru happens where the ___ is ___ start of ___. it runs in ___ ___, small __ ___. - -translation - Christmas tree - tip - RNA's - transcription - one direction - to big -the ___ starts ___. it is a ___ ___ & is __ bp ...

what's the central dogma of genes&proteins? what's an exception to this rule? - -DNA (transcription) - RNA (translation) - protein. reverse transcription. -in ___, the ___ sequence turned to ___ sequence *(_-_) - -transcription - DNA - RNA - T-U -in ___, the "___ ___" stru happens where the ___ is ___ start of ___. it runs in ___ ___, small __ ___. - -translation - Christmas tree - tip - RNA's - transcription - one direction - to big -the ___ starts ___. it is a ___ ___ & is __ bp ...

Which of the following can regulate protein expression in a cell? A. mRNA degredation B. Protein degredation C. RNA processing - -All of the above -Alternative RNA splicing allows for: - -Different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript -An operon may consist of which of the following: A. Promoter B. Genes C. Regulatory gene - -A & B: A promotor and genes -What is a protein produced by a regulatory gene? - -A repressor -For a repressible operon to be trans...

The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this? - -degeneracy -How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons? - -36 -Which event contradicts the central dogma of molecular biology? - -Scientists use reverse transcriptase enzymes to make DNA from RNA. -Which subunit of the E. coli polymerase confers specificity to transcription? - -σ -The -10 and -35 regions of prokaryotic promoters are called consensus sequences because ________. ...

main goal of this chapter - --Explain the "central dogma" of DNA-protein synthesis -Describe the genetic code and how the nucleotide sequence prescribes the amino acid and the protein sequence -The cellular process of _____ generates messenger RNA (mRNA) - -transcription -messenger RNA (mRNA) - -A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein. -a mobile molecular copy of one or more genes with an alphabet o...